Beneath another standard: ill is this Follow'd of him, who severs it and justice: And let not with his Guelphs the new-crown'd Assail it; but those talons hold in dread, [Charles1 Which from a lion of more lofty port Have rent the casing. Many a time ere now The sons have for the sire's transgression wail'd: Nor let him trust the fond belief, that heaven Will truck its armour for his lillied shield. "This little star is furnish'd with good spirits, Whose mortal lives were busied to that end, That honour and renown might wait on them: And, when desires 2 thus err in their intention, True love must needs ascend with slacker beam. But it is part of our delight, to measure of the chief gentlemen in Florence, (See Par. canto xvi. v.139.) the factions of the Guelfi and Ghibellini were introduced into that city." A. G. Artegiani, Annotations on the Quadriregio, p. 180. "The same variety of opinion prevails with regard to the origin of the names. Some deduce them from two brothers, who were Germans, the one called Guelph and the other Gibel, who being the partizans of two powerful families in Pistoia, the Panciatichi, and the Cancellieri, then at enmity with each other, were the first occasion of these titles having been given to the discordant factions. Others, with more probability, derive them from Guelph or Guelfone, Duke of Bavaria, and Gibello, a castle where his antagonist, the Emperor Conrad the Third, was born; in consequence of a battle between Guelph and Henry the son of Conrad, which was fought (according to Mini, in his Defence of Florence, p. 48) A. D. 1138. Others assign to them an origin yet more ancient; asserting, that at the election of Frederic I. to the Empire, the Electors concurred in chusing him, in order to extinguish the inveterate discords between the Guelphs and Ghibellines, that prince being descended by the paternal line from the Ghibellines, and by the maternal from the Guelphs. Bartolo, however, in his tractate de Guelphis et Gibellinis, gives an intrinsic meaning to these names from certain passages in Scripture. Sicut Gibellus interpretatur locus fortitudinis, ita Gibellini appellantur confidentes in fortitudine militum et armorum, et sicut Guelpha interpretatur os loquens, ita Guelphi interpretantur confidentes in orationibus et in divinis.' What value is to be put on this interpretation, which well accords with the genius of those times when it was perhaps esteemed a marvellous mystery, we leave it to others to decide." Ibid. 1 Charles.] The Commentators explain this to mean Charles II. king of Naples and Sicily. Is it not more likely to allude to Charles of Valois, son of Philip III. of France, who was sent for, about this time, into Italy by Pope Boniface, with the promise of being made emperor? See G. Villani, lib. viii. cap. 42. 2 When desires.] When honour and fame are the chief motives to action, that love, which has heaven for its object, must necessarily become less fervent. Our wages with the merit; and admire The close proportion. Hence doth heavenly justice Temper so evenly affection in us, It ne'er can warp to any wrongfulness. Of diverse voices is sweet music made: So in our life the different degrees Render sweet harmony among these wheels. That were his foes, have little cause for mirth. 1 Romeo's light.] The story of Romeo is involved in some uncertainty. The name of Romeo signified, as we have seen in the note Purg. canto xxxiii. v. 78, one who went on a pilgrimage to Rome. The French writers assert the continuance of his ministerial office even after the decease of his sovereign, Raymond Berenger, Count of Provence: and they rest this assertion chiefly on the fact of a certain Romieu de Villeneuve, who was the contemporary of that prince, having left large possessions behind him, as appears by his will preserved in the archives of the bishoprick of Vence. That they are right as to the name at least, would appear from the following marginal note on the Monte Casino MS. Romeo de Villanova districtus civitatis Ventiæ de Provincia olim administratoris Raymundi Belingerj Comitis de Provincia-ivit peregrinando contemplatione ad Deum. Yet it is improbable, on the other hand, that the Italians, who lived so near the time, should be misinformed in an occurrence of such notoriety. According to them, after he had long been a faithful steward to Raymond, when an account was required from him of the revenues which he had carefully husbanded, and his master as lavishly disbursed, "he demanded the little mule, the staff, and the scrip, with which he had first entered into the count's service, a stranger pilgrim from the shrine of St. James, in Galicia, and parted as he came; nor was it ever known whence he was, or whither he went." G. Villani, lib. vi. c. 92. The same incidents are told of him at the conclusion of cap. xxviii. lib. ii. of Fazio degli Uberti's Dittamondo. 2 Four daughters.] Of the four daughters of Raymond Berenger, Margaret, the eldest, was married to Louis IX. of France; Eleanor, the next, to Henry III. of England; Sancha, the third, to Richard, Henry's brother, and King of the Romans; and the youngest, Beatrix, to Charles I. king of Naples and Sicily, and brother to Louis. 3 Raymond Berenger.] This prince, the last of the house of Barcelona, who was Count of Provence, died in 1245. He is in the list of Provençal poets. See Millot. Hist. Litt. des Troubadours, tom. ii. p. 212. But M. Raynouard could find no manuscript of his works. See Choix des Poésies des Troubadours, tom. v. p. vii. Became a queen and this for him did Romeo, A reckoning of that just one, who return'd CANTO VII. ARGUMENT. In consequence of what had been said by Justinian, who together with the other spirits have now disappeared, some doubts arise in the mind of Dante respecting the human redemption. These difficulties are fully explained by Beatrice. "HOSANNA1 Sanctus Deus Sabaoth Superillustrans claritate tuâ Felices ignes horum malahoth.” Thus chanting saw I turn that substance bright2, Revolving; and the rest, unto their dance, As one in slumber held. Not long that mood 1 Hosanna.] "Hosanna holy God of Sabaoth, abundantly illumining with thy brightness the blessed fires of these kingdoms." 2 That substance bright.] Justinian. 3 As might have made one blest amid the flames.] So Giusto de' Conti. Bella Mano. "Qual salamandra." Che puommi nelle fiamme far beato. Through suffering not a curb upon the power For by one death God and the Jews were pleased; In sooth, much aim'd at, and but little kenn'd: 1 That man, who was unborn.] Adam. 2 Different effects.] The death of Christ was pleasing to God, inasmuch as it satisfied the divine justice; and to the Jews, because it gratified their malignity: and while heaven opened for joy at the ransom of man, the earth trembled through compassion for its Maker. 3 A just vengeance.] The punishment of Christ by the Jews, although just as far as regarded the human nature assumed by him, and so a righteous vengeance of sin, yet being unjust as it regarded the divine nature, was itself justly revenged on the Jews by the destruction of Jerusalem. Was worthiest. The celestial love1, that spurns With such effulgence blazeth, as sends forth No longer stainless. Sin alone is that, Which doth disfranchise him, and make unlike Is no return; unless, where guilt makes void, Released him merely; or else, man himself "Fix now thine eye, intently as thou canst, On the everlasting counsel; and explore, Instructed by my words, the dread abyss. "Man in himself had ever lack'd the means 1 The celestial love.] From Boëtius de Consol. Philos. lib. iii. Metr. 9. Quem non externæ pepulerunt fingere causæ 2 What distils.] "That, which proceeds immediately from God, and without the intervention of secondary causes, is immortal." The before-mentioned 3 These tokens of pre-eminence.] gifts of immediate creation by God, independence on secondary causes, and consequent similitude and agreeableness to the divine Being, all at first conferred on man. |