A. D. 1308 The Emperor Albert I. murdered. Purg. vi. 98. and Par. xix. 114. Corso Donati, Dante's political enemy, slain. He seeks an asylum at Verona, under the roof Duns Scotus dies. He was born about the same time as Dante. 1309 Charles II. king of Naples, dies. Par. xix. 125. 1310 The Order of the Templars abolished. Purg. xx. 94. Jean de Meun, the continuer of the Roman de la Rose, dies about this time. Pier Crescenzi of Bologna writes his book on agriculture, in Latin. 1311 Fra Giordano da Rivalta, of Pisa, a Dominican, the author of sermons esteemed for the purity of the Tuscan language, dies. 1312 Robert, king of Sicily, opposes the coronation of the Emperor Henry VII. viii. 59. Par. Ferdinand IV. of Castile, dies, and is succeeded by Alonzo XI. Dino Compagni, a distinguished Florentine, concludes his history of his own time, written in elegant Italian. Gaddo Gaddi, the Florentine artist, dies. 1313 The Emperor Henry of Luxemburgh, by whom he had hoped to be restored to Florence, dies. Par. xvii. 80. and xxx. 135. Henry is succeeded by Lewis of Bavaria. Dante takes refuge at Ravenna, with Guido Novello da Polenta. Giovanni Boccaccio is born. Pope Clement V. dies. H. xix. 86. and Par. xxvii. 53. and xxx. 141. 1314 Philip IV. of France dies. Purg. vii. 108. and Par. xix. 117. A. D. 1314 Louis X. succeeds. Ferdinand IV. of Spain, dies. Par. xix. 122. 1315 Louis X. of France marries Clemenza, sister to our Poet's friend, Charles Martel, king of Hungary. Par. ix. 2. 1316 Louis X. of France dies, and is succeeded by Philip V. John XXII. elected Pope. Par. xxvii. 53. Joinville, the French historian, dies about this time. 1320 About this time John Gower is born, eight years before his friend Chaucer. 1321 July. Dante dies at Ravenna, of a complaint brought on by disappointment at his failure in a negociation which he had been conducting with the Venetians, for his patron Guido Novello da Polenta. His obsequies are sumptuously performed at Ravenna by Guido, who himself died in the ensuing year. THE VISION OF DANTE. HELL. CANTO I. ARGUMENT. The writer, having lost his way in a gloomy forest, and being hindered by certain wild beasts from ascending a mountain, is met by Virgil, who promises to show him the punishments of Hell, and afterwards of Purgatory; and that he shall then be conducted by Beatrice into Paradise. He follows the Roman poet. IN the midway1 of this our mortal life, How first I enter'd it I scarce can say, 1 In the midway.] That the æra of the Poem is intended by these words to be fixed to the thirty-fifth year of the poet's age, A.D. 1300, will appear more plainly in Canto xxi. where that date is explicitly marked. In his Convito, human life is compared to an arch or bow, the highest point of which is, in those well framed by nature, at their thirty-fifth year. Opere di Dante, ediz. Ven. 8vo, 1793. t. i. p. 195. Which to remember.] "Even when I remember I am afraid, and trembling taketh hold on my flesh." Job xxi. 6. My senses down, when the true path I left; And as a man, with difficult short breath, I journey'd on over that lonely steep, The hour was morning's prime, and on his way Aloft the sun ascended with those stars", That with him rose when Love divine first moved 1 That planet's beam.] The sun. 2 My heart's recesses.] Nel lago del cuor. Lombardi cites an imitation of this by Redi in his Ditirambo: Che nel lago del cuor l'anime inquietano. 3 Turns.] So in our Poet's second psalm: Come colui, che andando per lo bosco, Da spino punto, a quel si volge e guarda. Even as one, in passing through a wood, Pierced by a thorn, at which he turns and looks. 4 The hinder foot.] It is to be remembered, that in ascending a hill the weight of the body rests on the hinder foot. 5 A panther.] Pleasure or luxury. 6 With those stars.] The sun was in Aries, in which sign he supposes it to have begun its course at the creation. 7 The gay skin.] A late editor of the Divina Commedia, Signor Zotti, has spoken of the present translation as the Of that swift animal, the matin dawn, And the sweet season. Soon that joy was chased, only one that has rendered this passage rightly but Mr. Hayley had shown me the way, in his very skilful version of the first three Cantos of the Inferno, inserted in the notes to his Essay on Epic Poetry: I now was raised to hope sublime By these bright omens of my fate benign, The beauteous beast and the sweet hour of prime. All the Commentators, whom I have seen, understand our Poet to say that the season of the year and the hour of the day induced him to hope for the gay skin of the panther; and there is something in the sixteenth Canto, verse 107, which countenances their interpretation, although that which I have followed still appears to me the more probable. 1 A lion.] Pride or ambition. 2 A she-wolf.] Avarice. It cannot be doubted that the image of these three beasts coming against him is taken by our author from the prophet Jeremiah, v. 6: "Wherefore a lion out of the forest shall slay them, and a wolf of the evenings shall spoil them, a leopard shall watch over their cities." Rossetti, following Dionisi and other later Commentators, interprets Dante's leopard to denote Florence, his lion the king of France, and his wolf the Court of Rome. It is far from improbable that our author might have had a second allegory of this sort in his view; even as Spenser in the introductory letter to his poem, tells us that "in the Faery Queen he meant Glory in his general intention, but in his particular he conceived the most excellent and glorious person of his sovereign_the Queen." "And yet" he adds "in some places else I do otherwise shadow her." Such involution of allegorical meanings may well be supposed to have been frequently present to the mind of Dante throughout the composition of this poem. Whether his acute and eloquent interpreter, Rossetti, may not have been carried much too far in the pursuit of a favourite hypothesis, is another question; and I must avow my disbelief of the secret jargon imputed to our poet and the other writers of that time in the Comment on the Divina Commedia and in the Spirito Antipapale, the latter of which works is familiarized to the English reader in Miss Ward's faithful translation. |