latitude. It trends south-east to wards the Emodian hills for four degrees, when it receives a second arm thence descending. In their farther progress, they bend towards the mountain Ottorokorra, and pass into an eastern unknown country. The Hoang-ho, or Yellow river, can scarcely be more clearly described from mere reports. Its northern arm Olanmuren arises in Koshotey, near to the desart of Kobi, and from the same mountains as the Erzinch. Its course is south-eastward, when it receives a southern branch Haramuren; which from the mountains of Thibet, takes a crooked north-east course. Of its northern bend Ptolemæus say's nothing but he appears to pre-suppose it, as he assumes another bend to the east; which, if he supposed the stream to flow straight, would be needless.

The rivers Psitaras, Cambari, and Lanos, which Pliny assigns to the Seres, probably belong not here, but to the Indian coast east of the Ganges.

The people of Serica are divided into the Anthropophagi, (or, according to Ammianus, XXIII. 6. Alitrophagi), of the north, and the Annibi, who dwell contiguous to these. Between the latter and the Aszak mountains are the Sisyges. The cannibals are placed in the north of Siberia, of which nothing was known; of the other two, who seem to have dwelt near the sea of Baikal, he may have heard. Above the Oichardes are the Damnæ and the Piadz, and near to the river the Oicharda.

Again, in the north, but east of the Annibi, are situated the Ga.

renai and Rabanei; probably among the Monguls of Kalkas :-for, immediately below them, occurs the district Asmiræa, at the foot of the mountains so named. Below these extends to the Kasian mountain the great nation of the Issedones. There can be no doubt that, by this name, Herodotus meaned Monguls. Beside them are Throani, near a town of this name; and below them, on the east, Thaguri. Farther to the north-east, Dahuri. Among the Issedones dwell the Aspakaræ, who have their name from a city. Near these, the Batta; and the most southerly are the Ottokarræ* mountaineers. These three nations occupy the province of Shiensi : Ptolemæus knows nothing of the more easterly parts.

The cities of Serica and Damna, at the west end of the Oichardes, and at some distance northward from the river: Piada, on the southern bend of the Selenga, here called the Itscha: Asmiræa, near the mountains so named: Throana, on the east side of the Onghen, in the region in which the ruins of Karakorum, once the metropolis of the Mongul sovereigns, are usually sought. The tribes above mentioned are probably named from these towns.

Issedon Serica is contradistinguished from Issedon Scythica, which lay more to the north-west. This Chinese town, which Ptole meus names after the great nation of the Issedones, was situated northeast from the source of the Erzineh, and consequently on the borders of the desart of Shamo: he places, in fact, no town beyond it. Aspak

ага,

ara, which gives name to a tribe, lay near to the northern-Bautisus, and eastward from its source; on the Olanmuren river, therefore, and probably in Koshotcy. Rhosoche lay much farther east in the same latitude. I know not where to seek it. Paliana and Abragana were both on the banks of the northern Bautisus and in Koshotey. Togara and Daxata were both in the middle of the province Shiensi, and probably near the Hoa-ho; for all these places were in a south-east line towards the bend of the Bautisus, and towards Sera, the metropolis. Orosana lay near the source of the southern Bautisus, or the Haramuren. Ottorakorra along the course of the same river near its easterly bend, and to the north of the district to which and to whose inhabitants it gives its name. Solana was more eastward: I know not where.

Sera, the capital, was at some distance from the south bend of the Bautisus. If Proleonzeus means, by this south fxrgo, the contiguous river Hoa-ho, this Sera can be no other than Singan-fu, which is at some distance from its south. ern evolution :--but, if he knew of the bow of the Hoang-ho, it must be placed more eastward at Honan, The first seems to be more proba. ble, as Prolemus appears ignorant of the eastern course of the river, and may well have mistaken a part of the Hoa-bo for a continuation of his Bautisus; and also as Sin. gan-fu is named as a former metro. polis of the north-west parts of China. Sera was the easternmost resort of the merchants; and beyond it Prolomieus koews nothing,

Historical Account of Sculpture. From Falconer's Chronol-gical Tableszy beginning with the Reign of Sal mon, and ending with the Death of Alexander the Great.

ALL the ancient writers have agreed in dividing it into two pe riods, the latter of which begins with the age of Phidias. Strabo ascertains these ages very exactly, tho' rather foreign to his subject; for, in describing the temples of Ephesus, there are some which he calls ancient, and in these were dexala bara antique wooden figures. In the other temples, built, dà rol; üregor, in after-times, he transgresses from his usual form, and describes three statues in particular, which were probably of the age of Phidias and Scopas. Pliny and Pausanias abound in examples of this division of the periods. The former, when discoursing of Myron, says, "capillum non emendatius fecisse quam radis antiguitas instituisset." This "rudis antiquitas" means what is termed the age of Dædalus and bis scholars, who improved but little on the models brought from Egypt. How. ever, as we have some dates in Pliny, which fix the progression of this art with tolerable accuracy, we shall briefly touch on the his tory of this period from the earliest times; though the vague, and nearly fabulous relations of Dxdalus form some embarrassment in fixing the commencement of this æra, Diodorus Siculus and Pau. sanias agree in supposing there was an artist of that name who worked, for Minos in Crete, and built a labyrinth at Gnossus, of which no vestige was left in the time of Augustus. Homer, in his 18th Hrad, does mention a Dzidzies who

formed

formed a dance for Ariadne; but, as he uses the same word, a few lines after, adjectively, to signify artificially made, he might mean by the former no more than what the word imports, an ingenious artist. Eustathius interprets Homer as meaning that Dadalus only invented the dance itself, and not that he worked it in either wood, stone, or metal.

The statues of Dedalus, men. tioned by Pausanias, were all of wood, and resembled, as we may suppose, the Egyptian; for Philo. stretus says, that the statue of Memnon was formed with the feet joined together, and the arms resting on the seat, after the manner of cutting figures in the age of Dædalus. Such was probably the figure of Minerva in Troy, men. tioned in the 6th Iliad, which seems to have been in a sitting posture. We have no remains of these rude ages; but the forms of the Juno of Samos, carved by Smilis of Ægina, said to be contemporary with Dadalus, and that of the Diana of Ephesus, by the hand of Endaus, or Endyus, a pupil of Dædalus, are preserved on the medals of their respective cities. These representations gave a very unfavourable idea of the Dedalean age; yet we have no reason to doubt their authenticity, for the artists of polished times would never have disgraced their coinage with such uncouth figures, had they not been exact resemblances of objects made venerable by su. perstition. Some more of these wooden statues are described as existing at Thebes, Lehaden, Deios, and Crete, to the reign of Hadrian. They were nearly destroyed by age; and yet Pausanias, fired by

religious and antiquarian enthu. siasin, could find in them something divine; but what it was he does not explain. Some other of these statues were plated with gold, and their faces painted red, viz. two of Bacchus, in the forum of Corinth; which gives us but an indifferent idea of the taste of that period. The Venus of Delos had only a head and arms, with a qua. drangular basis instead of feet; which shews that these sculptors had improved but little on the rude ages of Greece, when unhewn stones, or at best cut into a quadrangular form, were the only em blems of their divinities. Yet even these figures, I think, were not introduced into European Greece till after the days of Homer. The name of Dedalus was, we know, given to artists long after the Athenian Dedalus is supposed to have flourished. Pausanias himself men. tions one of Sicyon of that name, which he seems to confound with the Dedalus mentioned by Homer. Dipcenas and Scyllus, according to Pliny, were the founders of the school of sculpture in Sicyon, and were the first who were celebrated for carving in marble. They flourished, says the same author, in the oth Olympiad, which is very probable for at that period, the states of Greece were begin. ning to cultivate their talents, and to settle a form of government. Pausanias, by a strange anachronism of above 400 years, says, that Dipenus and Scyllus were the sons of that very Dedalus who lived so long in Crete. Piiny indeed says, they were Cretans by birth, but that they settled at Sicyon. Is it not then more likely that they were instructed long after by DæHih 3

dalus

dalus Sicyonius, and that the identity of names was the source of the error?

However celebrated these artists were for marble sculpture, yet the most noted performances from their hands were cut in ebenus, a sort of lignum vitæ, with pieces of ivory interspersed; a practice much improved afterwards. Tectæus and Angelion were the scholars of Diponus; they carved the Apollo at Delos, and Callon, their pupil, the statue of Minerva Sthenias, in the citadel of Athens, about the 63d Olympiad. The other memorable pupils of this school were Theocles and Doriclydas, both Lacedemonians, whose works were to be seen, as Pausanius informs us, in his time at Elis.

The school of Chios, formed by Malas, about the same time with that of Sicyon, or probably before, was still more noted. Bupalus and Authermus carved well in the 60th Olympiad; some of whose works had a place in the palace of Augustus Cæsar. Yet even in this period we are uncertain whether the Greeks knew the art of casting statues in metal. The oldest brass statue known in Greece was one of Jupiter, in the Chaloia cos and Laconia, in which the limbs had been separately formed, and then nailed together; yet this imperfect essay was ascribed to Learchus, a scholar of Dipanus, who must have lived about the 5 3d or 54th Olym. piad. So little was this art known in the school of Sicyon, when it was celebrated for marble sculpture. About the 63d Olympiad, we find the name of Rhocus and Theodorus, both of Samos, the same who built the temple of Juno,

in the reign of Polycrates, and practised the art of casting statues with success.

Hence, I think, the schools of Sicyon and Chios divide this period into two parts. The Dædalean, or barbarous age, ceases in the 50th Olympiad; the middle age, which gave better forms to the hu man figure, but not the last polish, nor an exact representation of the minuter parts, may be extended to the 83d Olympiad; when the great genius of Phidias broke out at once in full lustre in the Jupiter at Olympia, and the Minerva at Athens. Pausanias has described the former of these with great accuracy; and Livy, the historian, with a sublimity of expression almost equal to the ideas of the ar. tist, points out, in a few words, its effect on the beholder. Paulus Æmilius, says that invaluable writer, travelling through Greece, entered the temple to survey the colossal statue; when Jovem velut præsentem intuens, motus animo est. It is generally known that this figure was composed of ivory, and ornamented with gold, a prac. tice of great antiquity in the East; but few consider the difficulty of executing a grand idea with so minute materials. If any other graces were still wanting in sculpture, the skill of Praxiteles and Lysippus gave those finished touches which produced sublimity in small figures without diminishing their elegance. Such was sculpture in the days of Alexander. Some specimens of this æra are most probably even now to be seen at Rome and Florence, viz. the Medicean Venus, the Hercules Farnes, and the Belviderian Apollo. The great

to you concerning my taking the scals from the chancellor, of which you must needs have heard all the passages, as he would not suffer, it to be done so privately as I intended it. The truth is, his behaviour and humour was growne so insupportable to myself, and to all the world else, that I could not longer endure it; and it was impossible for me to live with it, and doe those things with the parliament which must be done, or the government will be lost. When I have a better opportunity for it, you shall know many particulars that have inclined me to this resolution, which already seems to be well liked in the world, and to have given a real and visible amendment to my affairs. This is an argument too big for a letter; so I add but this word to it, to as sure you, that your former friendship to the chancellor shall not doe you any prejudice with me, and that I have not in the least degree diminished that value and kindness I ever had for you; which I thought fit to say to you upon this occasion, because it is very possible malicious people may suggest the contrary to you.