right hand 5 of the 55. Add the two lines together; 0 coming first, bring it down; 10 and 0 are 10, bring down the 10; 2 and 5 are 7, bring this down; 9 and 5 are 14, put down the 4 and carry the 1; 1 and 5 are 6, put the 6 to the left of the 4. The answer is 64' 7" 10" cube, or 64' 8" cube. Dividing this by 27, we get 2 yards 10' 8" cube. 6' 4" 2' 11" 12' 8" 5' 9" 8" 18' 5" 8" 3' 6" 55' 5" 0" 9' 2" 10" 0""" 64' 7" 10' 0"""" Timesing.—When a dimension occurs several times over, it is written thus 2 5' 7" which means that the result of 5′ 7′′ × 2′ 4′′ is to be multiplied by 2; and looking back to p. 107 it will be seen that this is 13' × 2, which is 26'. or dotting on, as it is called, means that the result of 5' 7" x 2′ 4′′ is to be multiplied by 2 added to 3, or 5; and the whole result would be 65'. Digging is taken at the yard cube, and depends for price upon the depth, and the distance the earth has to be wheeled or carted. The least amount of depth of trench for a 14′′ wall, including footings and concrete, would be 2'3"; the width being 3' 3". Then, taking it that the measurements of digging to trench for a 14" wall 20' long are required, the trench itself would be 20′ + (3′ 3′′ - 1'2") = 22' 1" x 3' 3" x 2' 3". The 2' 1" being projection of footings, concrete, etc., at each end; and the amount of concrete, 22′ 1′′ × 3′ 3′′ × 1' 3". These dimensions may be obtained by drawing the plan of the footings and concrete for length and width, and setting the section for depth, as already shown on p. 8. up Concrete of less thickness than 12", or where under pavings, etc., is taken at per yard super. In brickwork the difficulties of measuring are somewhat greater. The London practice is to reduce all work of 1 bricks thick and upwards, to a standard of 272' super 1 bricks thick, which is called a rod; the actual measurements being 16 x 16' x 1', or 306-2812 cubic feet, reckoned in practice as 306 cubic feet. Walls under this thickness are generally specified with the work they entail, e.g. struck joints both sides, pointed, circular, etc. When measuring footings, for instance, multiply the average length by the average thickness, and then by the height. When taking the average thickness, first add the width of the top course to the width of the bottom course in bricks, and divide by 2; thus for a 2-brick wall, 2 +4÷2 3. Then the average thickness = will be 3 bricks, or 2' 3". (When the bottom course is doubled, take one of these courses separately, and afterwards add.) Taking the length of wall to be 20', the average length of the footings will be 20'+ (2′ 3′′ average thickness 1' 6" width of neat work) 20' 9". The height of the footings, as already shown, including one course of the wall, will be five courses, or 15", and the quantity of footings 20′ 9′′ x 1' 3", 3 bricks thick = 25' 11", or 26' of work 3 bricks thick. By multiplying 26' by 6 (the number of half-bricks in 3 bricks), and dividing by 3 (the number of halfbricks in 1 bricks), the work will be brought to the standard measurement, 26′ × 6 ÷ 3 = 52'. = In ascertaining the quantity of digging, to trenches, concrete, and footings, for a rectilineal building, much labour may be saved by taking an average. Let ABCD (Fig. 212) be the plan taken through the 3-brick wall of a building 50′ × 30′ out to out. If mitre lines be drawn from A to E, B to F, C to G, and D to H, and lines midway between the inner and outer lines, but terminating upon the mitre lines be also drawn, the average length of the walls will be found to be 2/47' 9" and 2/27' 9". Then the digging for trenches will be 2/47′ 9′′ + 2/27′ 9′′, or 151' × 5′ 6′′ × 3′ 10′′, which =3183′ 7′′ cube, or 117 cubic yards 25 cubic feet. Concrete 151′ × 5′ 6′′ × 1′ 10′′ = 1522′ 7′′ cube, or 56 cubic yards 11 cubic feet. Footings, average thickness (3+6) ÷ 2 = 4 bricks, the height including one course of wall 1' 9", which 151′ x 1′ 9′′ x (9 half-bricks 3 half-bricks or) 3 792' 9" or 793' super of reduced work. To this will be added one of the bottom doubled courses which = 151′ × 3′′ × (12 ÷ 3 or) 4. This = 151′ of reduced work, and together 793' + 151' 944', or 3 rods 128'. Brickwork is usually measured first as ordinary stock work, = = = = length by height, the thickness stated, extra per foot super being allowed for facings; and all openings, arches, etc., deducted. It is usual to measure floor by floor, starting from the footings to the under side of the ground-floor joists, and so on. Taking Fig. 212 as a guide, and supposing the quantities of the wall AB 15' in height, faced with red builders and pointed, with a weather joint, and containing the three 6' x 3' 6" window openings are required, the stock work will measure 50' x 15' 3 bricks thick 750′ x (63) or 750′ x 2 = 1500' reduced work. × × But from this must be deducted (3/3′ 6′′ × 6′) + (3/4′ 3′′ × 6') 1 bricks thick 139' 6". 1500'-139' 6" = 1362' 6", or 5 rods 2'. The extra for facings, including pointing, will be 50' x 15' super, and added to this six reveals 6' x 14", and three soffits of arches, say allowing for rise, 4' x 14". From this again will be deducted the superficial measurement of the three window openings: 50' x 15' = 750'; 6/6' x 1' 2" 42'; 3/4′ x 1′ 2′′ = 6'; together 750' + 42′ + 6′ = 798′ super; deduct 3/6' × 3′ 6′′ = 63′ super; leaving 798'-63', or 735' super. 6' = Chimney Breasts.-Measure the width by the height, stating the thickness of the work; deduct the fireplace opening. The flues are taken in as if solid, pargeting to these being numbered. Ovens and coppers are also measured as solid, deducting the ashhole only. Arches. The face and soffit are measured separately, and afterwards added. The camber arch (Fig. 156) will serve as an example for measuring. The opening being 3', but taking 12" as depth of face, add one skewback, making it 3' 3" × 12" (depth of face), 3' x 4" soffit; the superficial measurement in this case will then be 4' 4". For all radial arches, pass the tape round the face, midway between the intrados and extrados, arrive at the amount, and multiply by the depth of the face; then serve the soffit in a similar manner, multiplying by the depth. Taking Fig. 148 as an example, the face is found to measure 3' 9" x 12" 3' 9", soffit 3' 2" x 4" 1′ 2′′, and together 4′ 11′′. 1' 4' = The practical man sometimes finds a difficulty in multiplying by such awkward quantities as 6", 9", 4"; but, by a little thinking, these become quite easy = Feet multiplied by feet will give square feet, e.g. 12' x 12' 144'. Feet multiplied by inches equal twelfths of feet; e.g. 20' x 6′′ 120 square feet; inches multiplied by inches equal square inches. Feet multiplied by 6" will give half the amount multiplied, thus 12' x 6" = 6' square. = Feet multiplied by 3" will give one quarter of the amount multiplied, 12' x 3" 3' square. × = Feet multiplied by 9" will give the last two results combined, 12' x 9" (of 12)= 6 + (of 12)= 3; together 9' square. = Feet multiplied by 44" will first be taken as the last, and half of that again taken, because 4" is half of 9". Feet multiplied by 21" would be half the above, for the same reason. Feet multiplied by 4" will give one-third of the amount multiplied, 4" being one-third of 12". Feet multiplied by 8" will give twice the result of the last, 8" being two-thirds of 12". To reduce cubic feet of brickwork to superficial feet of standard thickness, deduct one-ninth, e.g. 40' x 20' three bricks thick = 1600' reduced work, compare with 40′ x 20′ x 2′ 3′′ = 1800 cubic feet; take from this one-ninth of 1800', or 200', leaving 1600' reduced work as before. Practical men usually take pointing by the square of 100' super. To measure gables or pediments, take the central height by half the base for superficial measurement, and for brickwork according to the bricks thick. To find the area of a circular opening, multiply the square of the diameter by 0.7854; e.g. diameter of circle, 10' 10′ × 10′ = 100′ × 0·7854 = 78·54 To measure fair cutting to a circle, multiply the diameter by 3.1416; e.g. diameter of circle, 10' 10' x 3.1416 = 31.416 For a semi-circular arch, half the above; e.g. diameter of semicircular arch, including depth of face on each side 10'. Fair cutting round the arch=31-416 as above for the whole,÷2=15.708. In measuring brickwork over 60' high from the ground, it should be kept separate, and divided into heights of 20', viz. 60 to 80, 80 to 100, etc. The reason for this is that the higher the work goes the more expensive it becomes to build. Keep the following work separate : Brickwork built overhand. Raising on old walls, stating the height the work commences from ground-level. Circular brickwork. Half-brick partition walls. Sleeper walls. Measure hollow walls as solid. The following work is usually taken at the yard super: Limewhiting; pointing when not included with the facings; bricknogging, including timbers, stating if built flat or on edge; cement floated face, stating thickness, if to falls, and if floated or trowelled; all kinds of paving; wall tiling, giving full descriptions. Work measured by the foot super: Damp-proof courses: trimmer arches; fender walls; sleeper walls; half-brick partition walls; arches generally, except gauged; facings, keeping the different kinds separate. Work measured at per foot run: Cement filleting, cuttings under 6" wide, pointing flashings, cutting chases for pipes, brick on edge, and other kinds of copings. Items numbered: Bed and point frames; setting stoves and ranges, fixing chimney pots, ventilating bricks, parget and core flues, rough relieving arches. Hoop-iron bonding is measured at per yard run, adding 5 per cent. to the length for laps, stating if tarred and sanded, and making no deductions for openings. I |