Jointer. A tool similar to a letter S in shape, having rounded edges, and used for jointing brickwork. Also a pointing tool for laying on putty.

Keene's Cement.-A cement produced by intimately mixing and burning plaster of Paris and alum.

Key Brick.—A stretcher immediately in the centre of an arch and towards the soffit.

Label.-A moulding running round an arch immediately over the extrados. Lacing Course.—(1) A course of bricks built into a stone wall to act as a tie. (2) A course of bricks built to a certain bond to tie together the rings of an arch.

Laggings.-Narrow strips of wood used to cover centering.

Larry.-A drag used in larrying up in thick walls, etc., and for mixing mortar. Larrying up.―The method of laying bricks in thin mortar, covering the next course below so as to form their own cross-joints.

Lias Lime.-Lime made by burning limestone of the Lias formation: an hydraulic lime.

Lunette. An arched opening in a vault or arched ceiling.

Malm Cutter.-A soft brick: used for arches.

Matrix. The mortar into which the aggregate is mixed in making concrete. Mortar-mill.—A mill for mixing mortar, consisting of an iron pan into which the ingredients are shot, which are then mixed by two iron rollers revolving in the pan.

Niche. A recess formed in a wall for the purpose of receiving a statue or

ornament.

Offset.-A reduction in a wall: the amount reduced is known as the offset.
Oriel Window. An overhanging window on an upper floor.

Ovolo.-A convex moulding, usually a quadrant of a circle.

Parapet. The upper part of an external wall carried above the roof, so as to form a gutter behind it.

Parge. The material used for pargeting, composed of cow-dung and lime; a non-conductor of heat.

Pargeting.-Covering the inside of a chimney flue with parge.

Party Wall.-The separating wall between two adjoining houses.

Pediment.-The name given in classical work to what in other styles would be called a gable.

Perpends. The upright or cross joints in brickwork.

Pier.-(1) A four or more sided pillar. (2) The intermediate supports of bridges. (3) Brickwork between window openings, etc.

Pilaster.--A projection from a wall, usually rectangular on plan, to carry girders, etc.

Pit Sand.-Sand obtained from a pit, distinct from river or sea sand.
Place Brick.-A weak under-burnt brick.

Plaster of Paris.—A cement obtained by burning gypsum or alabaster.

Plinth.-A projecting base to a wall, etc.

Plinth Brick-A purpose made brick, having a chamfer on the top edge, and suitable for the top course of a plinth.

Plumb.-Vertical.

Plumb-bob.-A weight, similar to a pear in shape, attached to a line to keep it vertical.

Plumb-rule.—A thin board, having a plumb-bob attached, used to ascertain whether a wall or structure is perfectly upright.

Pointing. The process of raking out the mortar with which the bricks were laid, and refilling and jointing with specially prepared mortar.

Poling Boards.-Short pieces of board, usually about 3' long, and strutted in excavations to keep the sides from falling in.

Poor Lime.-A lime which contains a large per cent. of impurities, and therefore takes less sand than a pure lime.

Portland Cement.-An artificial cement, made from chalk and clay.

Pressed Brick.—A brick that has been firmly pressed in a mould before burning. Quicklime.-Calcined limestone as it comes from the kiln, before being slaked. Quoin.-The external angle of a wall.

Radius.—The distance from the centre to the circumference of a circle or segment. Raking. Anything sloping at an angle with the horizontal plane is said to be raking, or on the rake.

Register Grate.-A stove provided with a connecting door or plate between the flue and fireplace.

Relieving Arch.-See Discharging arch.

Retaining Walls.—See Batter for battering walls.

Reveal. That part of the jamb of a window or door opening that is seen or revealed after the frame is fixed-between the face of the wall and the frame. Rich Lime.-A fat or pure lime, burnt from limestone, composed of nearly pure CaCO3.

Rise. The height of an arch from the springing line to the highest point of the intrados, or soffit.

Roman Cement.-An hydraulic cement, of a rich dark-brown colour, sets very quickly; made from the nodules found in the London Clay.

Rough Arch.—An arch in which the bricks are not cut, the joint radiating to give the desired curve.

Rubber.-A soft, even-grained brick, used for arches and gauged work.

Rubbing Stone.-A piece of flat bedded York stone, on which bricks are rubbed.
Sag. An arch that has dropped in the centre is said to have sagged.
Salt-glazed.-Bricks that have been glazed by throwing salt on to them while
burning.

Scheme Arch.-An arch which springs from a level bed, the springing line taking the place of the skewback.

Segmental Arch.-An arch in which the intrados is part of the circumference of a circle, less than half.

Set-off.-See Offset.

Sheeting. Poling boards placed horizontally in excavating in loose ground, to keep the sides from falling in.

Shippers.-A good quality of stocks, used for export trade.

Skew Arch.-An arch formed over an opening at any angle other than a right angle.

Skewback. The abutments receiving the thrusts of an arch.

Slaked Lime. The product remaining after the chemical combination of quicklime and water.

Soffit.—The top of a door or window opening, the underside of an arch or flight of stairs.

Soot Door.-A small iron door in the side of a flue, whence it may be swept. Spandril. The triangular space at the haunch of an arch and immediately above the skewback.

Springing Line.-The horizontal line from which an arch springs or takes its rise. Squint. In quoins, where the angle is either obtuse or acute. A squint brick is a brick purposely made or cut to suit one of the above angles.

Stock Brick.-A clamp-burnt brick, of ordinary quality, used generally for building.

Straight Arch.—An arch with a soffit that has a slight camber.

Stretcher. The 9" face of a brick.

Stretching Bond.-Bond consisting entirely of stretchers.

Stretching Course.-A course of stretchers.

Struck Joint.—A mortar joint in brickwork, in which the mortar used in laying the bricks forms the finished joint.

Template, or Templet.-A mould or pattern cut out of wood, to which arch bricks, etc., are cut.

Tile Creasing.-One or more courses of plain tiles laid underneath the coping of a wall, and projecting slightly on either side.

Toothing. A series of projections or indentations left in a wall, so that, in the event of another wall being built against it, a proper tie or bond can be obtained between the two walls.

Trammel.-A rod used for setting out arches.

Trimmer Arch.-A brick arch for supporting the front hearth on an upper floor. Tuck Pointing.-An artificial joint in brickwork, in which a narrow projecting

fillet is inserted in each joint, of white or some specially coloured mortar, the work being supposed to represent gauged work.

Turning Bar.-See Chimney bar.

Turning Piece.-A piece of board cut to the intrados line of an arch, on which the arch is turned, when it is too small to require centring.

Waling. A piece of timber used horizontally to support the poling boards in excavations.

Wall Ties.—These are of various shapes, usually 8′′ or 9" long, made of cast and wrought iron, having the ends turned down so as to form a better tie, and used in hollow walls, etc. They are sometimes galvanized, but more generally dipped in boiling tar.

Washed Bricks.-Bricks made from clay that has been specially prepared by washing.

Withe. The 41" brickwork parting two flues.

CITY AND GUILDS OF LONDON INSTITUTE.

TECHNOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS.

Subject 57.-Brickwork.

SYLLABUS.

I. Written Examination.-The Examination will include questions founded upon such subjects as the following:

ORDINARY Grade.

1. Bricks. The names, nature, and properties of the various kinds of bricks in general use, and the purposes for which each kind is specially fitted. The mode of preparing and tempering the clay, moulding and burning the bricks, and testing their quality.

2. Precautions to be adopted in excavations in various soils. Mode of laying drain-pipes.

3. Lime: nature and properties of the different kinds, and their use. Cement: method of making and means of testing. Sand: the relative advantages and disadvantages of pit, river, and sea sand. Proportions of the above for making good mortar. Concrete: its ingredients, method of preparation and uses.

4. Foundations.-The width and height of the footings required for walls of different thicknesses. Damp courses: the materials used for these, and their practical purpose. Air-bricks. The best method of ventilating under ground floors. Dry areas, and the method of constructing them and keeping them free from wet.

5. Bond in brickwork.-Plans of alternate courses at the angles of walls of different thicknesses, showing English and Flemish bond. Raking bond. Bond at acute and obtuse angles.

6. Brick walls with stone facings. Hollow walls: the methods of constructing and bonding them. Plans of openings in the same.

7. The method of constructing fireplaces, coppers, and ovens, and arrangement of flues. Bond of chimney shafts. Rendering, parging, and coring.

8. Arches.-Names of the different kinds and mode of construction. Bond in arches, and the description of their various parts, such as soffit, skewback, etc. 9. Paving, Pointing.-The comparative merits and demerits of various kinds. Proper composition of black mortar, etc.

10. Pan tiles, plain tiles, and the method of laying the same, and of finishing off the gables, hips, ridges, eaves, etc.

11. The general mechanical principles involved in brickwork, the resistance to crushing, and the average weight per foot cube and per rod.

12. Method of measuring brickwork, tiling, paving, concrete, etc., and the quantities of material required per rod, square, etc.

II. Practical Work.-Candidates who have passed in either grade of the Written Examination in brickwork may present themselves for a Practical Examination in that subject.

The Practical Examination will include the following work:

1. Bricklaying. (A) Setting out work from architectural drawings. The candidate must satisfy the Examiners of his ability to set out intricate work; e.g. frontages with awkward breaks, bay windows, and other openings; circular corners, square, obtuse, and acute external angles, irregular-shaped rooms, and intersection of walls, etc., first staking out the trenches, and then setting out the neat work.

(B) Building and properly finishing, either with struck or raked and pointed joint, as desired, any piece of work; e.g. quoins at any angle, circular corners afterwards brought out to the square, piers, battering walls, fireplaces, chimney shafts, coppers, etc., in red, stock, glazed, or other description of bricks.

2. Brick-cutting.—(A) Setting out work in detail from architectural drawings, and obtaining the templets, moulds, etc., e.g. arches moulded and plain, cornices, caps, pediments, pilasters, aprons, and gauged work generally.

(B) Cutting and finishing any required piece of gauged work from templets and moulds supplied.

TECHNOLOGICAL EXAMINATION, 1897.
WRITTEN EXAMINATION.

Instructions.

The candidate must confine himself to one grade only, the Ordinary or Honours, and must state, at the top of his paper of answers, which grade he has selected. He must not answer questions in more than one grade.

If he has already passed in the subject of "Brickwork or "Brickwork and Masonry," in the first class of the Ordinary Grade, he must select his questions from those of the Honours Grade.

The number of the question must be placed before the answer in the worked paper.

A sheet of drawing paper is supplied to each candidate.

Drawing instruments to be used in this Examination.

Not more than six questions to be attempted in either grade.

The candidate is requested to state in what part of the country his experience has been acquired.

Three hours allowed for this paper.

The maximum number of marks obtainable is affixed to each question. N.B.-The answers ought to explain the matter in question quite fully and plainly, without being too long. Sketches, whether drawn freehand or with instruments, ought always to be made approximately to scale.

ORDINARY GRADE.

1. Which is the stronger bond, English or Flemish? Prove your answers by sketches.

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