to them being found in an inspired composition, LECT. I. gives them the stamp of authenticity, and entitles them to credibility. From whatever source derived,-whether from express revelation by God, or from tradition, or from public records, or from personal observation on the part of the writer, the facts of Scripture are alike certified to us upon the simple ground of their being found in a book composed under the special direction of the Divine Spirit, and into which, consequently, nothing but truth, both as to facts and principles, could possibly enter. events on doctrine or A third division of the passages containing Allusions to allusions to the narrative parts of the Old Testa- which some ment, comprises those in which a particular duty is based. event is brought forward as constituting the historical basis on which some doctrine or duty rests. Thus, the fact of the Fall is adduced by the apostle Paul as lying at the basis of his doctrine regarding the universal depravity of mankind, without respect to nation or age, (Rom. v. 12— 19.) So also the revelation of the Divine purpose of mercy to mankind, as embodied in the covenant of promise, or, as it is elsewhere called, "the oath of God," and which he made with Adam, Noah, Abraham, David, and others, is frequently referred to as that upon which the hopes of mankind, whether Gentiles or Jews, can alone be founded, (Luke i. 72-75; Rom. iv. 13—18; Gal. iii. 7-29, &c.) In like manner, the Apostle grounds his doctrine con І. LECT. I. cerning marriage, and the relative duties of the parties in that union, upon the facts recorded by Moses respecting the creation of Eve, and the first institution of marriage in paradise, (Eph. v. 22—31,)—a ground upon which our Lord himself had already rested his doctrine upon this subject, (Mark xv. 6—12.) These fundamental facts in the Old Testament being necessarily few in number, the references to such in the New Testament are correspondingly few. Allusions to typical facts and insti tutes. The last division which I would propose of references in the New Testament to the historical records of the Old, comprises those passages in which some fact or institution of the former economy is adduced as having constituted a type or symbolical adumbration of the truths of Christianity. Thus, the apostle Paul devotes the greater part of the epistle to the Hebrews to an exposition of the typical significance of the religious ritual of the Mosaic economy; and allusions are found in other parts of his writings, as well as in those of others of the New Testament writers, to facts and observances, as having been divinely-appointed prefigurations of the truths and blessings of the gospel dispensation. The careful examination of the meaning and object of these references to alleged correspondences between the ceremonial of the Old economy and the spiritual realities of the New, will form an important part of our subsequent inquiries; they are noticed at present simply for the sake of marking their position in that classification LECT. 1. which I have judged it useful to adopt. PART II. tions from tament in the New. III. We come now to the third and last class Verbal quotaof direct references to the Old Testament in the the Old Tesbooks of the New, under which are included those passages in which a quotation more or less exact of the words of the earlier Scriptures occurs. The number of such quotations is very large,— larger, indeed, than most readers of the New Testament are apt to suspect; and so many are the perplexing questions to which the consideration of them has given rise, that we may venture to affirm, that on few subjects in the department of isagogical inquiry have greater difficulties been encountered than on this. What learning, ingenuity, and patient research can achieve for the removal of these difficulties we may safely assert has been already accomplished; and if the results attained have not been in every respect so satisfactory as might have been desired, they are probably as much so as the nature and circumstances of the case admit. A field that has been searched by such men as Surenhusius, Drusius, Hoffmann, Michaelis, Owen, Randolph, and Koppe, not to mention a multitude of *Surenhusii Bißλos Karaλλayns, in quo secundum Vet. Theol. Hebræorum Formulas allegandi et Modos interpretandi conciliantur Loca ex V. in N. T. allegata. 1713. 4to. Drusii LECT. I. others who have worked upon the materials which these have collected, can present but few additional objects of interest to any subsequent inquirer. Instead, therefore, of attempting to institute an independent and original investigation of this subject, which, apart from any other consideration, would be preposterous within such limits as those to which this department of my inquiries must necessarily be confined, I shall content myself with presenting a condensed view of the leading results to which the researches of Drusii Parallela Sacra: h. e. Locorum V. T. cum iis quæ in N. citantur conjuncta Commemoratio, Ebraice et Græce, cum Notis. 1616. 4to. Published also in the 8th vol. of the Critici Sacri. Hoffmanni Demonstratio Evangelica per ipsum Scripturarum Consensum ex Oraculis V. T. in N. allegatis declarata. Edidit T. G. Hegelmaier. 1773-79-81. 3 vols. 4to. This work I have not been able to see. Michaelis's Einleitung in die Göttlichen Schriften des N.B. Erster Theil, s. 223-265. [English Translation by Bishop Marsh, vol. i. p. 200-246.] Owen's Modes of Quotation used by the Evangelical Writers Explained and Vindicated. 1789. 4to. Randolph's Prophecies and other Texts cited in the New Testament compared with the Hebrew original, and with the Septuagint Version. 1782. 4to. Koppii Excursus I. in Ep. ad Romanos, [Nov. Test. Koppianum, vol. iv. p. 346. 1806.] The reader who has not the opportunity of examining these books, some of which are now so scarce as to be procurable only by those who have access to large public libraries, will find a very useful substitute in Mr. Horne's excellent chapter upon the subject of which they treat; Introduction, vol. ii. p. 281, 8th edit. these learned and able writers seem to me satis- LECT. I. factorily to lead. quotation. The first question upon this subject relates to Sources of the sources whence the quotations in question are made, whether by direct translation from the Hebrew original, or by borrowing from the Greek version of the Alexandrine Jews. Both of these we know to have been extant, and in use among the Jews, at the time the New Testament was composed; so that, in making their citations from the ancient Scriptures, the evangelists and apostles might employ either the one or the other exclusively, or both indifferently, as occasion or convenience might dictate. The problem is to determine which of these suppositions approximates most to the truth; in other words, whether the New Testament writers quoted from the Hebrew exclusively, or from the Greek exclusively, or sometimes from the one and sometimes from the other. the quota made chiefly LXX. Antecedent to any inductive reasoning from Probable that the facts of the case, to which, however, the tions are ultimate appeal must be made,-we should be from the led to conclude that, as the New Testament writers made use of the Greek language as the vehicle of their communications, and as they addressed these in the first instance to persons who, generally speaking, were, to say the least, more familiar with the Alexandrine version than with the Hebrew original, the probability is, that their quotations would be made from that |