(b) Laying Pipe.

Unstable subsoil; blocking; jointing; plugging; cutting; setting valves and hydrants; marking location of specials; tests under pressure.

(c) Materials.

(i) Pipe and specials:- reference to standard specifications; inspection.

(ii) Valves: — type; material and details; valve boxes; valve chambers.

-

(iii) Hydrants: type, material and details.

(iv) Miscellaneous: - lead; yarn; mortar; concrete; brick; lumber.

(d) Backfill.

Character of material; consolidation; shortage and surplus; overhaul; cleaning up; repaving.

73. Small Reinforced Concrete Highway Bridge.

(a) Excavation; sheeting; preparation of foundation; provision for flow of stream; diversion of public travel; care of pipes, conduits, etc.

(b) Cement:

(c) Sand:

tests; delivery and storage; sampling. quality.

(d) Crushed stone or gravel:- size, quality.

(e) Steel reinforcement:

quality of steel; cleaning.

(f) Proportions, mixing and laying concrete; use of spalls.

(g) Forms:- material.

(h) Placing of reinforcement; contact with concrete.

(i) Bonding of contiguous work.

(j) Surface finishing; protection.

(k) Restoring highway: — repaving; surplus material; cleaning up; disposal of old bridge.

74. Concrete Sidewalks and Curbing.

(a) Excavation; foundation; drainage; roots of trees.

(b) Forms.

(c) Quality and proportions of cement, sand and stone for each course and for curbing; coloring; reinforcement (or corner bar) for curb.

(d) Mixing and laying concrete; finishing surface; expansion joints; protection from elements.

(e) Disposal of surplus material; grading and cleaning up.

75. Retaining Wall of Ashlar Masonry.

(a) Excavation; drainage; foundation.

(b) Dressed stone: - quality; dressing of each bed; thickness of courses; limiting dimensions of headers and stretchers; treatment of edges.

(c) Backing stone: - quality; dimensions; laying.

(d) Mortar: cement; sand; mixing, etc.

(e) Construction of wall: — proportion of headers to stretchers; bedding; bonding; thickness of joints; breaking joints; use of mortar; use of spalls; disturbance of bedded stone; construction of backing; weep-holes; pointing up.

(f) Coping: size; dressing.

(g) Finishing: - removal of surplus material; cleaning up.

76. Small Earth Dam.

(a) Clearing and stripping site: - excavation; drainage trenches; springs; care of stream; etc.

(b) Puddle core: *- material to compose; laying and compacting.

(c) Main portion of dam: — choice of material for upstream portion; for downstream portion; riprap slopes; sodding or seeding.

(d) Cement: sand; mortar; brickwork.

(e) Gatehouse; gates; waste-weir, etc.

77. Pile and Timber Dock (or Trestle).

(a) Piles: variety and quality of wood;

(creosoting);

straightness and limiting dimensions; preparation of points and

* The student may substitute a concrete core-wall, for which he should prepare his own outline.

of butts for driving; driving; penetration; load formula; sawing off; payment for.

(b) Timber:- variety, quality and dressing of wood for different portions; allowable defects (such as seams, knots. knot-holes, sapwood, splits, wind-shakes)· framing; flooring. (c) Bolts and nuts; washers; spikes

(d) Painting; cleaning up.

78. Wood Block Pavement.

(A large portion of this outline would, of course, apply equally well to brick, stone-block or other "permanent " pavements.)

(a) Excavation: - disposal of surplus material; overhaul; rolling subgrade.

(b) Curbing: * -material; dressing; setting; headers, material and setting.

(c) Catch basins:— materials and workmanship; storm drains. (d) Concrete foundation: cement; sand; stone; mixing;

laying; protection.

(e) Cushion coat: - materials and preparation.

(f) Wood blocks: - wood; dimensions; oil; treatment; testing; laying; grouting; expansion joints; covering; protection. (g) Removal of rubbish, etc.

79. Concrete Road.†

(See Art. 71 for all but the pavement proper.)

(a) Description.

(b) Constituent Materials.

(i) Portland cement, tests.

(ii) Fine aggregate.

(iii) Mortar tests.

*For concrete curbing see Art. 74.

† Based on "Specifications for One Course Plain Cement Concrete Pavement," U. S. Bureau of Public Roads (1919). Slight additions or alterations will provide for reinforcement or a two-course pavement.

See the highway specifications for various states (as Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, Maryland, California) for concrete and other roads.

(iv) Coarse aggregate.

(2) Water.

(vi) Joint filler.

(c) Forms.

(d) Concrete:- composition; measurement of materials; consistency; mixing; placing; forming of transverse joints; finishing; protection; sealing transverse joints; basis of payment.

80. Small One-Story Frame Cottage.

(a) Grading: excavation; ditches and cellar; backfill. (b) Foundation:- walls; cellar floor; waterproofing; steps. (c) Lumber, quality, etc.

(¿) Framing, timbers, joists, studs.

(ii) Outside walls, shiplap, paper, siding or shingling.

(iii) Roof: trusses; rafters; sheathing; shingling.

(iv) Floors: under floor; finished floor.

(v) Stairs.

(vi) Window and door frames.

(vii) Inside trim; casings; baseboard; mouldings.
(viii) Cabinet work.

(d) Closets.

(e) Porches:-posts; floor; roof; railing; screening. (f) Doors.

(g) Windows:- glass; screens.

(h) Lath and plastering: - lath, rough plaster; finish.

(i) Plumbing: water; gas; toilets; sinks; drains.

(j) Electrical work.

(k) Hardware.

(1) Flashing and valleys.

(m) Chimney: outside; inside.

(n) Painting, staining, etc.; outside; inside.

(0) Cleaning up: - grading; walks; drives; lawn.

81. Large Pumping Engine.*

(a) General Description.

Type; foundation; capacity; space available; levels or elevations.

(b) Materials.

Wrought iron; cast iron; forged steel; cast steel; bronze; babbitt; materials in general.

(c) Water End of Pumping Engine.

Water supply; sole plates; delivery main; condenser; air pump; boiler feed pump; air compressor; main pumps; main pump plungers; chambers; valve decks; by-passes; strut columns; pump valves; platform and stairs.

(d) Steam End of Pumping Engine.

Pillow block bed plates; shafts and cranks; fly wheels; frames and slides; crossheads; plunger rods; connecting rods; steam cylinders; pistons and rods; steam valve gearing; receivers; throttle valve; jacket piping; non-conducting covering; lagging; galleries and stairs; water and steam packing; safeguards.

(e) Erection and Trimmings.

Gauges; indicators and motions; lubrication; wrenches; paint and varnish; excess oil.

(f) Duty Test and Forfeiture.

Trial test; speed, water head and pressure, forfeiture. 82.

Overhead Electric Power Transmission Line.

(a) Right of way; clearing, grading, draining, etc.

(b) Wooden poles; † variety of wood, quality, dressing, allowable defects, sweep, wind, etc.; minimum length, minimum diam

*Based on Specifications for 20,000,000 Gallon Pumping Engine, North Point Pumping Station, Milwaukee, Wis. (1919). Altered slightly.

† Wooden poles are sometimes known as Class A, Class B, etc.

If concrete poles are used, specify composition of concrete, reinforcement, connection holes, surface finish, tests under load; steps; cross-arms, etc.

If steel poles are used, specify quality of material, design, inspection, shipment erection, painting, etc.