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arged the plaintiff, an attorney, guilty of "sharp practice," which to mean disreputable practice, libellous imputation. 4 Mees. &

46.

the offence, and it is unnecessary, on the part of the prosecution, to prove any circumstance from which malice may be inferred. But no allegation, however false and malicious, contained in answers to interrogatories in affidavits duly made, or any other proceedings in courts of justice or petitions to the legis lature, are indictable. 4 Coke, 14; 2 Burr. 807; Hawkins, Pl. Cr. b. 1, c. 73, s. 8; 1 Saund. 131, n. 1; 1 Lev. 240; 2 Chitty, Crim. Law, 869; 2 Serg. & R. Penn. 23. It is no defence that the matter published is part of a document printed by order of the house of commons." 9 Ad. & E. 1. See JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS.

publication which has a tendency he public peace, or good order of indictable as a libel."This crime d," says Professor Greenleaf, “by tion of writings blaspheming the Being, or turning the doctrines of an religion into contempt and ridiending, by their immodesty, to cormind, and to destroy the love of orality, and good order; or wanfame or indecorously to calumniate y, order, and constitution of things ke up the general system of the overnment of the country; to de-; administration of government, or or to cause animosities between id any foreign government, by perse of its sovereign, its ambassadors, ublic ministers; and by malicious ns, expressed in printing or writing, ns or pictures, tending either to he memory of one who is dead, or ation of one who is living, and > expose him to public hatred, cond ridicule. This descriptive cataraces all the several species of this hich are indictable at common law; ich, it is believed, are indictable in ed States, either at common law, or of particular statutes." 3 Green164. See 4 Mass. 163; 9 Johns. ; 4 M'Cord, So. C. 317; 9 N. H. 34. against the memory of the dead, ve a tendency to create a breach of , by inciting the friends and rela-, he deceased to avenge the insult of y, render their authors liable to inThe malicious intention of the at to injure the family and posterity eceased must be expressly averred rly proved. 5 Coke, 125; 4 Term, note; 5 Binn. Penn. 281; Heard, S. 72, 348.

matter is understood as scandalous, alculated to excite ridicule or abhor ainst the party intended, it is libelwever it may be expressed. 5 East, Price, Exch. 11, 17; Iob. 215; Chitty, aw, 868; 2 Campb. 512.

The publisher of a libel is liable to be punished criminally by indictment, 2 Chitty, Crim. Law, $75; or is subject to an action on the case by the party grieved. Both remedies may be pursued at the same time. See, generally, 2 Bishop, Crim. Law; Heard, Libel & S.

LIBEL OF ACCUSATION. In

Scotch Law. The instrument which contains the charge against a person accused of a crime. Libels are of two kinds, namely, indictments and criminal letters.

The malicious reading of a libel
ore persons, it being on the shelves
kstore, as other books, for sale; and
he defendant directed the libel to be
took away some and left others:
veral acts have been held to be publi-
The sale of each copy, where several
ave been sold, is a distinct publica-
a fresh offence. The publication
e malicious: evidence of the malice
either express or implied. Express
not necessary; for where a man pub
writing which on the face of it is
s, the law presumes he does so from
alicious intention which constitutes

Every libel assumes the form of what is termed, in logic, a syllogism. It is first stated that some particular kind of act is criminal: as, that "theft is a crime of a heinous nature, and severely punishable." This proposition is termed the major, It is next stated that the person accused is guilty of the crime so named, "actor, or art and part." This, with the narrative of the manner in which, and the time when, the offence was committed, is called the minor proposition of the libel. The conclusion is that, all or part of the facts being proved, or admitted by confession, the panel "ought to be punished with the pains of the law, to deter others from committing the like crime in all time coming." Burton, Man. Pub. L. 300, 301.

LIBELLANT. The party who files a libel in an ecclesiastical or admiralty case, corresponding to the plaintiff in actions in the common-law courts.

libel has been filed in proceedings in an LIBELLEE. A party against whom a ecclesiastical or in admiralty, corresponding to the defendant in a common-law suit.

LIBELLUS (Lat.). In Civil Law. A little book. Libellus supplex, a petition, especially to emperor; all petitions to whom must be in writing. L. 15, D. in jus voc, Libellum rescribere, to mark on such petition the answer to it. L. 2, 2, Dig. de jur. fisc. Libellum agere, to assist or counsel the empe ror in regard to such petitions, L. 12, D. de distr. pign.; and one whose duty it is to do so is called magister libellorum. There were also promagistri. L. 1, D. de offic. præf. pract. Libellus accusatorius, an information and accusation of a crime. L. 17, ? 1, & L. 29, § 8, D. ad leg. Jul. de adult. Libellus divortii, a writing of divorcement. L.7, D. de divort, et repud. Libellus rerum, an inventory. Calv. Lex. Libellus or oratio consultoria, a message by which emperors laid matters before senate. Calvinus, Lex.; Suet. Cæs. 56.

A writing in which is contained the names of the plaintiff (actor) and defendant (reus), the thing sought, the right relied upon, and name of the tribunal before which the action is brought. Calvinus, Lex.

Libellus appellatorius, an appeal. Calvinus, Lex.; L. 1, ult., D. ff. de appellat.

In English Law (sometimes called libellus conventionalis). A bill. Bracton, fol. 112.

A

LIBELLUS FAMOSUS (Lat.). libel; a defamatory writing. L. 15, D. de pon.; Vocab. Jur. Utr. sub "famosus." It may be without writing: as, by signs, pictures, etc. 5 Rep. de famosis libellis.

LIBER (Lat.). In Civil Law. A book, whatever the material of which it is made; a principal subdivision of a literary work: thus, the Pandects, or Digest of the Civil Law, is divided into fifty books. L. 52, D. de legat. In Civil and Old English Law. Free: e.g. a free (liber) bull. Jacobs. Exempt from service or jurisdiction of another, Law Fr. & Lat. Dict.: e.g. a free (liber) man, L. 3, D. de statu hominum.

LIBER ASSISARUM (Lat.). The book of assigns or pleas of the crown; being the fifth part of the Year-Books.

LIBER FEUDORUM (Lat.). A code of the feudal law, which was compiled by direction of the emperor Frederick Barbarossa, and published in Milan, in 1170. It was called the Liber Feudorum, and was divided into five books, of which the first, second, and some fragments of the others still exist, and are printed at the end of all the modern editions of the Corpus Juris Civilis. Giannone, b. 13, c. 3; Cruise, Dig. prel. diss. c. 1, § 31. LIBER HOMO (Lat.). A free man; a freeman lawfully competent to act as juror. Ld. Raym. 417; Kebl. 563.

In London, a man can be a liber homo either-1, by service, as having served his apprenticeship; or, 2, by birthright, being a son of a liber homo; or, 3, by redemption, i.e. allowance of mayor and aldermen. 8 Rep., Case of City of London. There was no intermediate state between villein and liber homo. Fleta, lib. 4, c. 11, 22. But a liber homo could be vassal of another. Bract. fol. 25.

pro

In Old European Law. An allodial prietor, as opposed to a feudatory. Calvinus, Lex, Alode.

LIBER JUDICIARUM (Lat.). The book of judgment, or doom-book. The Saxon Domboc. Conjectured to be a book of statutes of ancient Saxon kings. See Jacob, Domboc; 1 Sharswood, Blackst. Comm. 64.

LIBER ET LEGALIS HOMO (Lat.). A free and lawful man. One worthy of being a juryman: he must neither be infamous nor a bondman. 3 Sharswood, Blackst. Comm. 340, 362; Bracton, fol. 14 b; Fleta, 1. 6, c. 25, 4; 1. 4, c. 5, 8 4.

LIBERATE (Lat.). In English Practice. A writ which issues on lands, tenements, and chattels, being returned under an

extent on a statute staple, commanding the sheriff to deliver them to the plaintiff, by the extent and appraisement mentioned in the writ of extent and in the sheriff's return thereto. See Comyns, Dig. Statute Staple (D6).

LIBERATION. In Civil Law. The

extinguishment of a contract, by which he who was bound becomes free or liberated. Wolff, Dr. de la Nat. ? 749. Synonymous with payment. Dig. 50. 16. 47.

LIBERTI, LIBERTINI. In Roman

Law. The condition of those who, having been slaves, had been made free. 1 Brown, Civ. Law, 99.

There is some distinction between these words. By libertus was understood the freedman when considered in relation to his patron, who had betinus when considered in relation to the state be stowed liberty upon him; and he was called liberoccupied in society subsequent to his manumission. Leç. El. Dr. Rom. 93.

LIBERTY (Lat. liber, free; libertas, freedom, liberty). Freedom from restraint. The faculty of willing, and the power of doing what has been willed, without influence from without.

A privilege held by grant or prescription, by which some men enjoy greater privileges than ordinary subjects.

A territory with some extraordinary privilege.

A part of a town or city: as, the Northern Liberties of Philadelphia. See FAUBOURG.

Civil liberty is the greatest amount of absolute liberty which can in the nature of things be equally possessed by every citizen in a state.

The term is frequently used to denote the amount of absolute liberty which is actually enjoyed by the various citizens under the government and laws of the state as administered. 1 Blackstone, Comm. 125.

The fullest political liberty furnishes the best possible guarantee for civil liberty.

Lieber defines civil liberty as guaranteed protection against interference with the interests and rights held dear and important by large classes of civilized men, or by all the members of a state, together with an effectual share in the making and administration of the laws, as the best apparatus to secure that protection, including Blackstone's divisions of civil and political under this head.

Natural liberty is the right which nature gives to all mankind of disposing of their persons and property after the manner they condition of their acting within the limits of judge most consonant to their happiness, cn the law of nature and so as not to interfere with an equal exercise of the same rights by other men. Burlam. c. 3. 15; 1 Blackstone, Comm. 125. It is called by Lieber social liberty, and is defined as the protection of unrestrained action in as high a degree as the same claim of protection of each individual admits of.

Personal liberty consists in the power of locomotion, of changing situation, or remov

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Political liberty is an effectual share in the making and administration of the laws. Lieber, Civ. Lib.

2. Liberty, in its widest sense, means the faculty of willing, and the power of doing what has

been willed without influence from without. It
means self-determination, unrestrainedness of ac-
tion. Thus defined, one being only can be abso-
lately free, namely, God. So soon as we apply the
word liberty to spheres of human action, the term
receives a relative meaning, because the power of
man is limited; he is subject to constant influences
from without. If the idea of unrestrainedness of ac-
tion is applied to the social state of man, it receives
a limitation still greater, since the equal claims of
unrestrained action of all necessarily involves the
idea of protection against interference by others.
We thus come to the definition, that liberty of so-
cial man consists in the protection of unrestrained
action in as high a degree as the same claim of
protection of each individual admits of, or in the
most efficient protection of his rights, claims, inte-
rests, as man or citizen, or of his humanity, mani-
fested as a social being. (See RIGHT.) The word
liberty, applied to men in their political state, may
be viewed with reference to the state as a whole,
and in this case means the independence of the
state, of other states (see AUTONOMY); or it may
have reference to the relation of the citizen to the
government, in which case it is called political or
civil liberty; or it may have reference to the status
of a man as a political being, contradistinguished
from him who is not considered master over his
body, will, or labor,-the slave. This is called
personal liberty, which, as a matter of course, in-
cludes freedom from prison.

3. Lieber, in his work on Civil Liberty, calls that system which was evolved in England, and forms the basis of liberty in the countries settled by English people, Anglican liberty. The principal guarantees, according to him, are:

I. National independence. There must be no foreign interference. The country must have the right and power of establishing the government it thinks best.

II. Individual liberty, and, as belonging to it, personal liberty, or the great habeas-corpus principle, and the prohibition of general warrants of arrest. The right of bail belongs also to this head. III. A well-secured penal trial, of which the most important is trial for high treason.

IV. The freedom of communion, locomotion, and emigration.

V. Liberty of conscience. The United States

constitution and the constitutions of all the states have provisions prohibiting any interference with the church.

VIII. Every officer must be responsible to the affected person for the legality of his act; and no act must be done for which some one is not responsible.

IX. It has been deemed necessary in the Bill of

Rights and the American constitution specially to refer to the quartering of soldiers as a dangerous weapon in the hands of the executive.

5. X. The forces must be strictly submitted to the law, and the citizen should have the right to

bear arms.

XI. The right of petitioning, and the right of meeting and considering public matters, and of organizing into associations for any lawful purposes, are important guarantees of civil liberty.

4. VI. Protection of individual property, which requires unrestrained action in producing and exchanging, the prohibition of unfair monopolies, commercial freedom, and the guarantee that no property shall be taken except in the course of law, the principle that taxation shall only be with the consent of the tax-payer, and for short periods only, and the exclusion of confiscation.

The following guarantees relate more especially to the government of a free country and the character of its polity:

VII. Supremacy of the law. The law must not, however, violate any superior law or civil principle, nor must it be an ex post facto law. The executive must not possess the power of declaring martial law, which is merely a suspension of all law. In extreme cases, parliament in England and congress in the United States pass an act suspending the habeas corpus act.

XII. Publicity of public business in all its branches, whether legislative, judicial, written, or

oral.

XIII. The supremacy of the law, or the protection against the absolutism of one, of several, or of the majority, requires other guarantees. It is necessary that the public funds be under close and efficient popular control; they should therefore be chiefly in the hands of the popular branch of the legislature, never of the executive. Appropriations should also be for distinct purposes and short

times.

6. XIV. It is further necessary that the power of making war reside with the people, and not

with the executive. A declaration of war in the United States is an act of congress.

XV. The supremacy of the law requires, also, not only the protection of the minority, but the protection of the majority against the rule of a factious minority or cabal.

XVI. The majority and, through it, the people are protected by the principle that the administration is founded on party principles.

XVII. A very important guarantee of liberty is the division of government into three distinct functions,-legislative, administrative, and judicial. The union of these is absolutism or despotism on the one hand, and slavery on the other.

XVIII. As a general rule, the principle prevails in Anglican liberty that the executive may do what is positively allowed by fundamental or other law, and not all that which is not prohibited.

7. XIX. The supremacy of the law requires that, where enacted constitutions form the fundamental law, there be some authority which can Pronounce whether the legislature itself has or has not transgressed it. This power must be vested in courts of law.

XX. There is no guarantee of liberty more important and more peculiarly Anglican than the rePresentative government. See Lieber, Civ. Lib. p.

168.

In connection with this, a very important question is, whether there should be direct elections by the people, or whether there should be double elections. The Anglican principle favors simple elections; and double elections have often been resorted to as the very means of avoiding the object of a representative government.

The management of the elections should also be in the hands of the voters, and government especially should not be allowed to interfere.

Representative bodies must be free. They must be freely chosen, and, when chosen, act under no threat or violence of the executive or any portion of the people. They must be protected as representative bodies; and a wise parliamentary law and usage should secure the rights of each member and the elaboration of the law.

A peculiar protection is afforded to members of the legislature in England and the United States,

by their freedom from arrest, except for certain specified crimes.

8. Every member must possess the right to propose any measure or resolution.

Not only must the legislature be the judge of the right each member has to his seat, but the whole internal management belongs to itself. It is indispensable that it possess the power and privileges to protect its own dignity.

The principle of two houses, or the bicameral system, is an equally efficient guarantee of liberty, by excluding impassioned legislation and embodying in the law the collective mind of the legisla

ture.

XXI. The independence of the law, of which the independence of the judiciary forms a part, is one of the main stays of civil liberty. It requires "a living common law, a clear division of the judieiary from other powers, the public accusatorial process, the independence of the judge, the trial by jury, and an independent position of the advocate.' See Lieber, Civil Liberty and Self-Government, pp. 208-250.

9. XXII. Another constituent of our liberty is local and institutional self-government. It arises out of a willingness of the people to attend to their own affairs, and an unwillingness to permit of the interference of the executive and administration with them beyond what it necessarily must do, or which cannot or ought not to be done by self-action. A pervading self-government, in the Anglican sense, is organic: it consists in organs of combined selfaction, in institutions, and in a systematic connection of these institutions. It is, therefore, equally opposed to a disintegration of society and to despotism.

American liberty belongs to the great division of Anglican liberty, and is founded upon the checks, guarantees, and self-government of the Anglican

race.

The following features are, however, peculiar to American liberty: republican federalism, strict separation of the state from the church, greater equality and acknowledgment of abstract rights in the citizen, and a more popular or democratic cast of the whole polity. With reference to the last two may be added these further character

istics:

10. We have everywhere established voting by

ballot. The executive has never possessed the power of dissolving or proroguing the legislature.

The list of states has not been closed. We admit

foreigners to the rights of citizenship, and we do

which, together with Montesquieu's Spirit of Laws, may be said to have furnished the chief food on which the minds of our most distinguished revolutionary framers and legislators were reared). As to Montesquieu's Esprit des Lois, the student ought to combine with it the Critical Commentary, by Count Destutt de Tracy, first published in Philadelphia in 1811, and, if we are rightly informed, adopted by Mr. Jefferson as a political text-book for the University of Virginia. There is a German translation of Destutt de Tracy, with additional notes and criticisms, by C. F. Morstadt, Heidelberg, 1820; Locke, Two Treatises on Government; the best English edition of De Lolme on the British Constitution; the Works of Jeremy Bentham; Hallam, Constitutional History of England; Creasy, Rise and Progress of the English Constitution; Rousseau, Contrat Social (in connection with it, Lorimer's Political Progress not necessarily Democratic); Guizot, especially his Democracy; Jonathan Elliot; the Debates in the several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution, together with the Journal of the Federal Convention, as reported by James Madison; John Adams' Defence of the Constitution of the United States; The Federalist, by Hamilton and Madison; George T. Curtis, History of the Origin, Formation, and Adoption of the Constitution of the United States; Story's Commentaries; Sismondi, Histoire de la Renaissance de la Liberté en Italie, and his History of the Italian Republics in the Middle Ages; Lieber's Political Ethics; Whewell's Elements of Morality, including Polity; all those portions of the great writers on the Law of Nations where human rights are discussed. For criticism of political literature and a comprehensive enumeration of political writers, we must refer the student to Robert von Mohl, History and Literature of Political Sciences, 3 vols. Erlangen, 1858.

LIBERTY OF THE PRESS. The

right to print and publish the truth, from good motives and for justifiable ends. 3 Johns. Cas. N. Y. 394.

of the United States. Amendments, art. 1. This right is secured by the constitution The abuse of the right is punished criminally by indictment, civilly by action. See Judge Cooper, Libel; LIBEL.

public support in speaking facts or opinions. LIBERTY OF SPEECH. The right to not believe in inalienable allegiance. There is no attainder of blood. We allow no ex post facto 2. It is provided by the constitution of the laws. American liberty possesses, also, as a cha- United States that members of congress shall racteristic, the enacted constitution,-distinguish- not be called to account for any thing said in ing it from the English polity, with its accumula- debate; and similar provisions are contained tive constitution. Our legislatures are, therefore, in the constitutions of the several states in not omnipotent, as the British Parliament theoreti-relation to the members of their respective cally is; but the laws enacted by them may be de- legislatures. This right, however, does not clared by the supreme courts to conflict with the constitution,-as unconstitutional. extend beyond the mere speaking; for if a member of congress were to reduce his speech to writing and cause it to be printed, it would no longer bear a privileged character, and he might be held responsible for a libel, as any other individual. See Bacon, Abr. Libel (B); DEBATE.

The liberty sought for by the French, as a peculiar system, is founded chiefly, in theory, on the idea of equality and the abstract rights of man. (Rousseau's Social Contract.) Lieber calls this system-if indeed that which has never yet come to be established as an enduring reality, with true vitality, can be called a system-Gallican liberty, to contradistinguish it from Anglican liberty.

11. Very few works have been written that treat exclusively of civil liberty; but liberty has been more or less comprehensively treated in many works in which the great topics of government or cussed. Aristotle's Politics; W. Fortescue, De Laudibus Legum Angliæ; Hooker, The Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity; Locke on Government; Algernon Sidney, Discourses on Government (the great book

the rights of individuals or nations have been dis

3. The greatest latitude is allowed by the common law to counsel: in the discharge of his professional duty, he may use strong epithets, however derogatory to other persons they may be, if pertinent to the cause, and stated in his instructions, whether the thing were true or false. But if he were maliciously to travel out of his case for the purpose of slandering another, he would be liable

to an action, and amenable to a just, and often more efficacious, punishment, inflicted by public opinion. 3 Chitty, Pract. 887. No respectable counsel will indulge himself with unjust severity; and it is doubtless the duty of the court to prevent any such abuse.

LIBERUM MARITAGIUM (Lat.). In Old English Law. Frank-marriage (q..). 2 Sharswood, Blackst. Comm. 115; Littleton, 17; Bracton, fol. 21.

LIBERUM SERVITIUM. Free service. Service of a warlike sort by a feudatory tenant; sometimes called servitium liberum armorum. Somner, Gavelk. p. 56; Jacob, Law Dict.; 4 Coke, 9.

given by some competent authority to do an act which without such authority would be illegal.

An authority to do a particular act or series of acts on another's land without possessing any estate therein. 11 Mass. 533; 4 Sandf. Ch. N. Y. 72; 1 Washburn, Real Prop. 148. The written evidence of the grant of such right.

An executed license exists when the licensed act has been done.

An executory license exists where the licensed act has not been performed.

An express license is one which is granted in direct terms.

An implied license is one which is presumed to have been given from the acts of the party

It is distinguished from an easement, which implies an interest in the land to be affected, and a lease, or right to take the profits of land. It may be, however, and often is, coupled with a grant of some interest in the land itself, or right to take the profits. 1 Washburn, Real Prop. 148.

Service not unbecoming character of free-authorized to give it. men and soldier to perform: as, to serve under the lord in his wars, to pay a sum of money, and the like. 2 Sharswood, Blackst. Comm. 60. The tenure of free service does not make a villein a free man, unless homage or manumission precede, any more than a tenure by villein services makes a freeman a villein. Bracton, fol. 24.

LIBERUM TENEMENTUM. In Real Law. Freehold. Frank-tenement. 2 Bouvier, Inst. n. 1690; 1 Washburn, Real Prop. 46.

In Pleading. A plea in justification by the defendant in an action of trespass, by which he claims that he is the owner of the close described in the declaration, or that it is the freehold of some third person by whose command he entered. 2 Salk. 453; 7 Term, 355; 1 Wms. Saund. 299 b, note.

It has the effect of compelling the plaintiff to a new assignment, setting out the abuttals where he has the locus in quo only generally in his declaration, 11 East, 51, 72; 16 id. 343; 1 Barnew. & C. 489; or to set forth tenancy in case he claims as tenant of the defendant, or the person ordering the trespass. 1 Saund. 299 b. It admits possession by the plaintiff, and the fact of the commission of a trespass as charged. 2 M'Cord, So. C. 226.

LICENCIADO. In Spanish Law. Lawyer or Advocate. By a decree of the Spanish government of 6th November, 1843, it was declared that all persons who have obtained diplomas of "Licentiates in Jurisprudence" from any of the literary universities of Spain are entitled to practise in all the courts of Spain without first obtaining permission by the tribunals of justice.

Their title is furnished them by the minister of the interior, to whom the universities forward a list of those whom they think qualified.

This law does not apply to those already licensed, who may, however, obtain the benefit of it, upon surrendering their license and complying with certain other formalities prescribed by the law.

LICENSE (Lat. licere, to permit).

In Contracts. A permission. A right

22; by parol, 13 Mees. & W. Exch. 838; 4 Maule A license may be by specialty, 2 Parsons, Contr.

& S. 562; 7 Barb. N. Y. 4; 1 Washburn, Real Prop. 148; or by implication from circumstances, as opening a door in response to a knock. Hob. 62; 2 Greenleaf, Ev. ¿ 427.

2. It may be granted by the owner, or, in many cases, by a servant. Croke Eliz. 246; 2 Greenleaf, Ev. ? 427.

An executory license may be revoked at the pleasure of the grantor. 1 Washburn, Real Prop. 148. In general, a mere license may be revoked at the grantor's pleasure, 11 Mass. 433; 15 Wend. N. Y. 380; although 10 Conn. the licensee has incurred expense. 378; 23 id. 223; 3 Du. N. Y. 355; 11 Metc. Mass. 251; 2 Gray, Mass. 302; 24 N. H. 364; 13 id. 264; 4 Johns. N. Y. 418; 3 Wisc. 117; 1 Dev. & B. No. C. 492; 13 Mees. & W. Exch. 838; 37 Eng. L. & Eq. 489; 5 Barnew. & Ad. 1. But see 14 Serg, & R, Penn. 267. Not so a license closely coupled with a transfer of title to personal property. 8 Metc. Mass. 34; 11 Conn. 525; 13 Mees. & W. Exch. 856; 11 Ad. & E. 34.

3. An executed license which destroys an licensee's land, cannot be revoked. 9 Metc. easement enjoyed by the licenser in the Mass. 395; 2 Gray, Mass. 302; 2 Gill, Md. 221; 3 Wisc. 124; 3 Du. N. Y. 255; 7 Bingh, 682; 3 Barnew. & C. 332; 5 id. 221.

revoked, is to relieve or excuse the licensee The effect of an executed license, though from liability for acts done properly in pursu N. Y. 363; 22 Barb. N. Y. 336; 18 Pick. ance thereof, and their consequences. 6 Du. Mass. 569; 2 Gray, Mass. 302; 10 Conn. 378; 13 N. H. 264; 7 id. 237; 7 Taunt. 374;

5 Barnew. & C. 221.

out compensation, in equity. 3 Wisc. 117; The licensee's improvements on lands withStory, Eq. Jur. 1237; Angell, Wat. Cour. 318.

In International Law. Permission granted by a belligerent state to its own subjects, or to the subjects of the enemy, to

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