valued at fifteen. The Ace is equivalent to sixteen points, but the other cards, that is to say, the Two, Three, and Four, are only valued at the points marked on their faces. To all these cards there may be added, if desired, a Quinola, generally the Knave of Diamonds, which can be regarded as being any card in any suit as wished. After which, each of the players having shown his four cards, he having his cards in four suits wins the Prime; and if they are of the same suit, he wins the Flush." The Great Game, it will be observed, is not described, beyond the statement that the pack in it embraces the court cards. Simultaneously with Rabelais's work, or previously (for some writers question the publication of Gargantua' in 1532, and assign a later date), Primero is mentioned in the Privy Purse Expences of King Henry the Eighth as being played by the King on 6 Oct., 1532.* This is generally held to be the first allusion to a specific game of cards being played in England. It is certainly the first account that gives direct details of the players and the actual day of play; but William Forrest in Second Gresyld' (c. 1581) says that Queen Catherine of Aragon (1485-1536) played Gleek as a girl, which would bring it to about 1501 when it was played in England. John Skelton (who died in 1529) evidently refers to Primero in the quotation which will be given at the end of these articles, and Elyot directly names it in 1533. Gilbert Walker in Manifest Detection of the Most Vyle and Detestable Use of Dice Play' (1552) refers to Primero as being a new game, and played at Court. Among other writers of the sixteenth century who refer to the game, there are Turbervile (1575), Carew (1594), Greene (1599), and Rowlands (1600). In the Sydney Papers,' ii. 83, in 1598, there is another specific account of Primero being played by Ambrose Willoughby, Sir Walter Raleigh, and Mr. Parker, out of which a quarrel arose; and Sir Henry Percy, ninth Earl of Northumberland (1564-1632), relates in his 'Letters' that Joscelin Percy played Primero at Essex House on a Sunday, at the time of the Gunpowder Plot. Shakespeare mentions the game twice: in The Merry Wives of Windsor' (1600) and 'King Henry VIII.' (1613). The principal writers of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries who allude to the game are: Ben Jonson (1605 and 1610), Dekker (1608–9), Harrington (1615), Taylor * Imperial holds a very close place to Primero, as the King is mentioned as playing it on the next day (7 Oct.) with Master Weston. (1621), Randolph (1634), D'Avenant (1636), Hall (1646), Worcester (1663), and Goldsmith (1762). And in the nineteenth century Scott mentions the game in The Fortunes of Nigel' (1822): scene, London in 1604; and Stanley J. Weyman in A Gentleman of France' (1893): scene, France in 1588-9. J. S. McTEAR. 6, Arthur Chambers, Belfast. (To be continued.) CHRISTMAS BIBLIOGRAPHY. (Continued from 11 S. iv. 503.) [We are glad to have received this communication at least in time for Old Christmas Day.] THE CHRISTMAS ISSUE of N. & Q.' seems strangely unfamiliar without the instalment its columns for so many years by the late of Christmas bibliography contributed to REV. W. C. BOULTER. W. C. B.'s first list appeared in 1882 at 6 S. vi. 506, and from then until last year he contributed twentysix lists, missing only in 1889, 1891, and 1892. In 1891-2 lists were prepared by MR. J. C. WELCH. Having made a slipindex of the whole of the lists, I find there are nearly 500 titles mentioned, about onefifth of them being sixteenth- and seventeenth-century literature. The following list has been prepared with a view to continuing the Bibliography. vious lists, a more precise reference being One of the titles has appeared in pregiven. Counties of England and the Borders. By William 1879. Notes on the Folk-lore of the Northern Henderson. Christmas and New Year's Day, pp. 64-77.-Folk-lore Society, 1879. 1880. Christmas Mummers in Dorsetshire. By J. S. Udal.-Folk-lore Record, iii. 87-116. of Scotland. By the Rev. W. Gregor. Christmas and New Year's Day, &c., pp. 156-64.- Folk - lore Society, 1881. Tipteerers' Play. Folk-lore This is performed on Boxing 1881. Notes on the Folk-lore of the North-East 1884. Sussex Journal, ii. 1–8. Day. 1886. Notes on some old-fashioned English Cus toms: the Mummers. By G. A. Rowell.-Folk-lore Journal, iv. 97-101. 1887. [Christmas] Yorkshire Custom.-Folk-lore Journal, v. 74-5. 1889. Beliefs and Religious Ceremonies of the Mordvins [at Christmas]. By John Abercromby.Folk-lore Journal, vii. 116-28. Dorsetshire Children's Games: [Christmas Mummers]. By J. S. Udal.-Id., 246-7. 1889. The Folk-Tales of the Magyars: [Christmas and New Year Customs], pp. li-liv.-Folklore Society, 1889. 1891. Christmas Crackers. - Strand Magazine, ii. 616-22. 1891. Christmas in Canton.-Chambers's Journal, December, pp. 801-4. 1893. Christmas-time in Florida. By Charles Elwardes.- Chambers's Journal, January, pp. 4-6. 1895. The Evolution of Christmas Annuals. By Arthur T. Pask.-Windsor Magazine, ii. 697–709. 1895. Proverbial Rhymes and Sayings for Christ, mas and the New Year. The Denham Tracts,' ii. 90-99.-Folk-lore Society, 1895. 1895. Two Christmas Eve Customs.-Folk-lore, vi. 93. 1896. The Hood-Game at Haxey, Lincolnshire [on Old Christmas Day]. By Mabel Peacock.Folk-lore, vii. 330-49. Mummers 1899. Christmas at Rugby. By W. H. D. Rouse. Folk-lore, X. 186-94, and Plates II.-VI. Christmas Mummers, id., 351-2. 1899. La Veillée de Noël. Par Paul Sébillot.Reviewed Folk-lore, x. 458-9. 1900 [Animals carried in procession at Christmas.]-Folk-lore, xi. 257-8. 1901. County Folk-lore. Vol. II. Yorkshire. Festivals of New Year and Christmas, pp. 230-31, 269-83.-Folk-lore Society, 1901. 1902. The Vessel Cup.-Folk-lore, xiii. 94-6. The Calenig or Gift [Christmas Bough, Lincolnshire]. Id., 202-3. 1903. County Folk-lore. Vol. III. Orkney and Shetland Islands: [Yule-tide Customs), pp. 194205.-Folk-lore Society, 1903. 1903. The Festival of Uphelly A' (or the End of Yule), as now celebrated at Lerwick.-Folk-lore, xiv. 74-7. 1903. The Medieval Stage. By E. K. Chambers. 2 vols. 8vo. Vol. I. The Mummers' Play, pp. 205 227; New Year Customs, pp. 249-73; The Feast of Fools, pp. 274-335; The Boy Bishop, pp. 336-71 (also Vol. II. pp. 282-9).—With bibliographies. 1904. County Folk-lore. Vol. IV. Northumberland. Festival Customs [at Christmas], pp. 79-88. -Folk-lore Society, 1904. 1904. Jul: Allesjælestiden; Hedensk, Kristen Julefest. By H. F. Feilberg. Vol. I. Copenhagen, 1904. Reviewed Folk-lore (1905), xvi. 366-7. 1908. County Folk-lore. Vol. V. Lincolnshire. [New Year and Christmas-tide Festivals], pp. 168-70, 214-25; Haxey: Throwing the Hood (a Twelfth Day custom], pp. 267-73.-Folk-lore Society, 1908. 1908. Christmas.-Catholic Encyclopædia,' iii. 724-8. 1909. The Hooden Horse, an East Kent Christmas Custom. By Percy Maylam, Canterbury, 1909. Pp. xv and 124.-Reviewed Folk-lore, xxi. 246-9. 1909. [English Customs at Christmas.]-Folklore, xx. 488-90. 1910. The Horu-Dance.-Folk-lore, xxi. 38-40. 1910. Christmas. Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics, ed. J. Hastings, iii. 601-8. Christmas Customs. id., 608-10. 1911. Christmas. The Times, 25 Dec. The Reality of Christmas.--Id., 26 Dec. 1912. Christmas in 1812.- Morning Post, 24 Dec. Royal Christmases.-Id. 1912. The Children's Festival.-Saturday Review, 21 Dec., pp. 762-4. 1912. Psalm xlv. on Christmas Day.-The Specta tor, 21 Dec., p. 1062. [A letter by A. L. Mayhew.] 1912. Christmas Old and New. The Times, 25 Dec. 1912 Christmas Carols. The Folk-Songs of the Soul By J. A. Anderson.-The Queen, 21 Dec., p. 1124. 1912. The Reality of Yuletide. By G. Hammerton.-Cassell's Magazine, Dec., pp. 147-52. 1912. The Humour of Christmas. By I. Heald. -Pearson's Magazine, Dec., pp. 571-9. 1912. Mediæval Housekeeping. Christmas Fare: Ancient and Modern. By H. Macfarlane.-English Illus. Magazine, Dec., pp. 228-31. 1912. A Christmas Fête in California. By L. H. Wall-Century, Dec., pp. 210-17. 1912. Christmas in Ritual and Tradition, Chris(Unwin, 1912.) tian and Pagan. By Clement A. Miles. Pp. 400. ROLAND AUSTIN. Public Library, Gloucester. HUGH PETERS. (See 11 S. vi. 221, 263, 301, 463.) VI. PETERS AS A HUSBAND AND A LOVER. IN the year 1635 Peters was minister of the English church at Rotterdam. In the 6 Travels of Sir William Brereton,' p. 6 (under date May, 1634), there is the following allusion to the fact :- "We went in the afternoon to the English church and heard Mr. Peters, a right zealous and worthy man. This was formerly intended for a playhouse, but now converted to a better use, to a church; Mr. Peters being there entertained, who is allowed by the States one hundred pounds per annum-five thousand guilders." It is quite certain that 5,000 guilders per annum (about 500l., and not 100%.) was not paid to Peters. Peters, in his private capacity, was unknown to the Dutch In States," but, with the ministers of the English churches at Amsterdam (Pagett), Flushing (Roe), Middleburgh (Drake), Leyden (Goodyer), and The Hague (Balmeford), received the small stipend paid to each minister alike (probably about 1. a week). MSS. of Sir William Boswell, English resiAll the facts can be gathered from the dent at The Hague (Add. MS. 6394). addition to the ministers of the town churches, there were two chaplains to the merchants and eleven garrison chaplains. Finally, there were four regimental chaplains, the chief of whom was Dr. Stephen Goffe, chaplain to the regiment of the English general Lord Vere. Dr. Goffe, of course, was the highest paid of all the English clergy, and received a salary of 1,548 gulden (1547. 168.), and he had to pay something to get it in (Add. MS. 6394, fo. 171). Peters, it seems, had himself re-ordained Holland (ibid., fo. 172), and framed an 66 absurd covenant for his congregation to take. It is not surprising, therefore, that Sir Wm. Boswell reminded him that in he was a minister of the Church of England, and did his best to restrain his vagaries at the ex-playhouse within the bounds of legality. Any coercion of Peters was, of course, impossible, and "persecution utterly out of the question. Probably all that Boswell could have done was to apply to the States to eject Peters. The following passage in Winthrop's Journal' (ed. J. K. Hosmer, i. 160), under date 6 Oct., 1635, gives the date of Peters's flight from Holland : "Here arrived two great ships, the Defence' and the Abigail,' with....Mr. Peter, pastor of the English church at Rotterdam, who, being persecuted [sic] by the English ambassador, who would have brought his and other churches to the English discipline, and not having had his health these many years, intended to advise with the ministers about his removal." The real truth is that Peters filed under a most shocking charge-an accusation of incestuous adultery, for which I refer my readers to the pamphlet (said to have been written by James Howell-I do not know upon what authority) published on 14 March, 1647/8, and entitled 64 A Letter to the Earle of Pembrooke concerning the times and the sad condition both of Prince and People."-P. 9. British Museum press-mark, E. 522 (5). Sarcastic allusions to this episode are frequent-e.g., at the end of the satirical pamphlet published on 12 June, 1649, entitled 1649. Hosanna ; or, A Song of Thanksgiving,' Sung by the children of Zion and set forth in three notable speeches at Grocers Hall, on the late solemn day of Thanksgiving, Thursday, June 7, The first was spoken by Alderman Atkins. The second by Alderman Isaac Pennington. The third by Hugh Peters (no alderman, but Clericus in cuerpo). Risum teneatis amici." British Museum press-mark, E. 559 (11)— and in Eighteen New Court Queries,' p. 4, published on 26 May, 1659-B.M. pressmark, E. 984 (1). The pamphlet entitled 'A Key to the Cabinet of the Parliament,' published on 20 June, 1648, p. 2-(B.M. press-mark, E. 449 (2) should also be referred to, because it explicitly states that Peters fled from Holland for this cause. Corroboration is to be found in the fact that Peters abandoned his wife in Holland. She never saw him again. A year later Mrs. Peters was still alone in Holland. Lucy Downing wrote to WinMrs. Peters is throp on 6 March, 1637, yet in Holland and James Downing with her," adding at the end of her letter that Mrs. Peters had just arrived in London (C.M.H.S., Series V., vol. i. p. 21). Peters seems to have married again in 1638. The following are extracts from letters about his second wife, Deliverance Sheffield. In an undated letter from Peters to Winthrop we find :— "I have sent Mrs. D. Sh. letter which puts mee to new troubles, for though she takes liberty I had many upon my cossen Downing's speeches, yet (Good sir) let mee not be a foole in Israel. good answers to yesterday's worke and among the rest her letter; which (if her owne) doth argue more wisdome than I thought shee had. You have often said I could not leave her; what Could I with comfort to do is very considerable. and credit desist, this seems best; could I goe on, and content myself, that were good; my request is that this bearer my harts-halfe may well observe what is best. For though I now seeme free agayne, yet the depth I know not. Had shee come over with mee I thinke I had bin quieter. This shee may know, that I have sought God earnestly, that the next weeke, I shall be riper. "I doubt shee gaynes most by such writings; and shee deserves most where shee is further off." -C.M.H.S., Series IV., vol. vi. p. 100. In a letter to Winthrop, to which the editor assigns the date of 13 April, 1638, John Endecott said : "I cannot but acquaint yow with my thoughts concerning Mr. Peter, since he received a letter from Mrs. Sheffield, which was yesterday in the evening after the fast; shee seeming in her letter to abate of her affeccions towards him and dislikinge to come to Salem uppon such termes as I finde that (s)hee begins now he had written. to play her parte and, if I mistake not, you will see him as greatly in love with her (if shee will but hold of a little) as ever shee was with him, but hee conceals it what he can as yett." Another undated letter from Peters to Winthrop states :— "I know not well whether Mrs. Sh. have set mee at liberty or not; my conclusion is, that if you find I cannot make an honorable retreat, then I shall desire to advance σúv Oew. Of you I now expect your last advice, viz., whether I or of, salvo evangelii honore'; must go on if shee bee in good earnest to leave all agitations this way then I stand still and wayt God's mynd concerning mee; if you find that cannot bee, Read wrote to Winthrop on 5 March, then let our shure () frends come here and I shall 1636: "We wonder we have not certain information whether my father Peters intendeth to stay with you or to return. It is necessary it should be speedily determined of that his church may know how to dispose of themselves."-C.M.H.S., Series V., vol. i. p. 217. take what present speedy course I can to come over and labor to make up all breaches. If I had much money, I would part with it to her free, till wee heare what England doth, supposing may bee called to some imployment that will not suit a moneyed estate....Once more for Mrs. Sh. ; I had from Mr. Hibbins and others, her fellow passengers, sad discouragements where they saw "W. L.: None but such as be in common her in her trim. I would not come of with dishonour, nor come on with griefe, or ominous hands.' hesitations."-C.M.H.S., Series IV., vol. vii. pp. 200-1. One other letter from Peters to Winthrop indicates the close of this extremely peculiar courtship. It is dated "Salem. 4 Sept.,' and the year was probably 1639: "My wife desires my daughter to send to Hanna that was her mayd, now at Charltowne, to know if shee would dwell with us, for truly wee are so destitute (having none but an Indian) that wee know not what to doe." 66 Hanna" would seem to be the heroine of the tale of the " seaman's wife." It is frequently stated that the second Mrs. Peters was 66 distracted (though she survived her husband for many years), but the following reference to her places a different construction on her behaviour, and seems to warrant the suspicion that her distractedness was only a euphemism in order to explain the accusations she made against Peters. Roger Williams, writing to John Winthrop, jun., from Providence on "July 12. 54 (so call'd)," states that Peters "cries out against New England Rigidities and Persecutions; their civil injuries and wrongs to himselfe, and their unchristian dealing with him in excommunicating his distracted wife... His wife lives from him not wholy but much distracted. He tells me he had but 200 a yeare, and he allowed her 4 score per annum of it."C.M.H.S., Series III., vol. x. p. 2. Surely excommunication was most inappropriate medical treatment ! And what were the wrongs to himself of which Peters complained? J. B. WILLIAMS. 'Her Majestie: The Lord Lumley, a lover of antiquities, discovered it fastened on the backside of a door of a base room; which he prethat I might put it in order with the ancestors sented unto me, praying, with my good leave, and successors; I will command Tho: Kneavet, keeper of my house and gallery at Westminster, to shew it unto thee.' " What is the reference? And where is the picture? The interview is stated to have taken place on 4 Aug., 1601. William Lambarde died on the 19th of that month. With regard to the MS. from which this was printed, at the end of it is written :— 26 November 1650. He marryed Mr Lambard "This was given me by Mr Thomas Godfrey daughter or grandchild. Richard Berwick brought it." On the back is written : the THE LEEK AS WELSH NATIONAL EMBLEM. -In connexion with the controversy which took place recently on the question whether the leek was correctly described as national emblem of Wales, the following extract from Richard Blome's Analogia Honorum, a Treatise of Honour and Nobility,' printed by Thomas Roycroft, 1677 (pt. ii., fo. 76), may be of interest to readers of N. & Q.' The note occurs under the the mantling of the achievement is designed achievement of a lady named Gam, and apparently from the leek. Hoo Gam('s) of Newton in Brecknock Shire Esq "Katherine Gam('s) daughter and coheire of Granddaughter to Sr John Gam('s), discended by the elder house from the mighty Sr David Gam' of Newton afores who did wonders at ye battle of Agencourt, who was discended from Tudor ye The occation [sic] of great King of South Wales. wearing y Leek was from y' family.” JOHN LIVESEY. MARLBOROUGH IN DUBLIN.-It is perhaps not generally known that John Churchill, the famous Duke of Marlborough, resided for several years of his boyhood in Dublin. His father, Sir Winston Churchill, a Devonshire Cavalier who had suffered great losses for Charles I. in the Civil War, was recompensed by Charles II., shortly after his 66 Restoration, by a Government appointment in the account of the author which is given in Dublin Castle. So Sir Winston's son John by Mr. L. Maclean Watt in his recently went to school at the Dublin Schoolhouse, published book on 'Scottish Life and Poetry.' in Schoolhouse Lane. His favourite clas- The critic makes a false start with the stanza, an age without sical work is said to have been Vegetius's and closes with the phrase The early assoan aim." 'Epitome Rei Militaris.' ciation of a great British general, who was an Englishman, with the city in which Wellington and Wolseley were born, is worthy of record. I quote from North Dublin City and Environs,' by Rev. Bro. Dillon Cosgrave, O.C.C., B.A., published in 1909. Dublin. Had a shorthand reporter been at work, one would have considered this droll and interesting as a phonetic aberration; it is a queer anomaly in a deliberately THOMAS BAYNE. constructed volume. DAY. MECHANICAL PIANO BEFORE 1868.-Ma dame L. de Hegermann-Lindencrone in a "Looking for substitute for Waldteufel [the pianist], a clever chamberlain discovered the Debain piano (mechanical piano). You remember I had one in my youth....How I used to love to grind out all the beautiful music those ugly boxes contained! And how I used to wonder that those common wooden slides could reproduce such perfect imitations of the real thing." The machine was worked by turning a crank. Programmes with dangling pencils are also mentioned. The lady was at school at Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1856. L. L. K. "THE SPORT OF KINGS.". "The phrase "the sport of kings is often ascribed to Jorrocks. This is hardly correct. In a poem entitled 'The Chace,' written by William Somerville, the Warwickshire poet, in 1735, occur the following lines :— My hoarse-sounding horn Invites thee to the chace, the sport of kings. "PUT UP THIS, TWILL BE THINE ANOTHER (See 11 S. i. 164.)-H. C. Hart's interpretation (Arden ed.) of this phrase ('Love's Labour's Lost,' IV. i. 120, 190 Globe) as meaning "It will be your turn another day," receives further confirmation from four examples of this idiom that I have noted. In these examples there is associated with the main idea of awaiting one's turn the further idea of desisting from immediate speech until that time. The Princess's words to Rosaline carry the same thought. "Never mind about this now; you're going to have your turn later, when, the Princess implies, "unless I am greatly mistaken, you'll hear from your lover." Fol. Peace, tis mine own i' faith; I ha't'.... Mat. 'Twill be thy own; I say no more: peace, hark! 'A Mad World, My Masters,' Middleton, 'Wit without Money,' Beaumont and Sir Vaughan. The same hand still, it is your owne another day, M. Horace, admonitions is Satiro-Mastix,' Dekker, good meate. edition, "Materialien " Bang’s 1. 2007, p. 58. M. P. T. Ann Arbor, Mich. |