PART SECOND.

ETYMOLOGY,

WORDS AND THEIR INFLECTIONS.

CHAPTER I.

PRONOUNS.

§ 12. Dakota pronouns may be classed as personal (simple and compound), interrogative, relative, and demonstrative pronouns, together with the definite and indefinite pronouns or articles.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

§ 13. To personal pronouns belong person, number, and case.

1. There are three persons, the first, second, and third.

2. There are three numbers, the singular, dual, and plural. The dual is only of the first person; it includes the person speaking and the person spoken to, and has the form of the first person plural, but without the termination 'pi.'

3. Pronouns have three cases, nominative, objective, and possessive.

§ 14. The simple pronouns may be divided into separate and incorporated; i. e. those which form separate words, and those which are prefixed to or inserted into verbs, adjectives, and nouns.

Separate.

§ 15. 1. a. The separate pronouns are, Sing., miś, I, niś, thou, iś, he. The Plural of these forms is designated by employing 'unkis' for the first person, 'nis' for the second, and 'is' for the third, and adding 'pi' at the end of the last principal word in the phrase. Dual, unkiś, (I and thou) we two.

b. Another set of separate pronouns, of perhaps more frequent occurrence, are, Sing., miye, I, niye, thou, iye, he. The Plural of these forms is denoted by 'unkiye' for the first person, 'niye' for the second, and 'iye' for the third, and adding ‘pi’ at the end either of the pronoun itself or of the last principal word in the phrase. Dual, unkiye, (I and thou) we two.

2. These pronouns are used for the sake of emphasis, that is to say, they are employed as emphatic repetitions of the subjective or objective pronoun contained in the verb; as, miś wakaġa, (I I-made) I made; miye mayakaġa, (me me-thoumadest) thou madest me. Both sets of pronouns are used as emphatic repetitions of

B

the subject, but the repetition of the object is generally confined to the second set. It would seem in fact that the first set may originally have been subjective, and the second objective forms.

3. Miś miye, I myself; niś niye, thou thyself; iś iye, he himself; uŋkiś uŋkiyepi, we ourselves, etc., are emphatic expressions which frequently occur, meaning that it concerns the person or persons alone, and not any one else.

§ 16. 1. The possessive separate pronouns are, Sing., mitawa, my or mine, nitawa, thy or thine, tawa, his; Dual, uŋkitawa, (mine and thine) ours; Plur., uŋkitawapi, our or ours, nitawapi, your or yours, tawapi, their or theirs: as, wowapi mitawa, my book; he mitawa, that is mine.

2. The separate pronouns of the second set are also used as emphatic repetitions with these; as, miye mitawa, (me mine) my own; niye nitawa, thy own; iye tawa, his own; unkiye unkitawapi, our own.

Incorporated.

§ 17. The incorporated pronouns are used to denote the subject or object of an action, or the possessor of a thing.

Nominative.

§ 18. 1. The nominative pronouns, or those which denote the subject of the action, are, Sing., wa, I, ya, thou; Dual, uŋ, (I and thou) we two; Plur. un-pi, we, ya-pi, ye. The plur. term. 'pi' is attached to the end of the verb.

2. a. These pronouns are most frequently used with active verbs; as, wakaġa, I make; yakaġa, thou makest; uŋkaġapi, we make.

b. They are also used with a few neuter and adjective verbs. The neuter verbs are such as, ti, to dwell, wati, I dwell; itonśni, to tell a lie, iwatonśni, I tell a lie. The adjective verbs with which 'wa' and 'ya' are used are very few; as, waoŋśida, merciful, waonśiwada, I am merciful; duzahan, swift, waduzahan, I am swift of foot; ksapa, wise, yaksapa, thou art wise.

3. When the verb commences with a vowel, the 'un' of the dual and plural, if prefixed, becomes 'unk;' as, itonśni, to tell a lie, unkitoŋśni, we two tell a lie; au, to bring, unkaupi, we bring.

4. When the prepositions 'ki,' to, and 'kíći,' for, occur in verbs, instead of ‘waki' and ‘yaki,' we have 'we' and 'ye' (§ 7. 2.); as, kićaġa, to make to one, wećaġa, I make to; kićićaġa, to make for, yećićaġa, thou makest for, yećićaġapi, you make for one. Kiksuya, to remember, also follows this rule; as, weksuya, I

remember.

5. In verbs commencing with 'yu' and 'ya,' the first and second persons plural are formed by changing the 'y' into 'md' and 'd;' as, yuwaśte, to make good, mduwaśte, I make good, duwaste, thou makest good, duwaśtepi, you make good; yawa, to read, mdawa, I read, dawa, thou readest. In like manner we have iyotaŋka, to sit down, imdotanka, I sit down, idotanka, thou sittest down.

6. The third person of verbs and verbal adjectives has no incorporated pro

noun.

Objective.

§ 19. 1. The objective pronouns, or those which properly denote the object of the action, are, Sing., ma, me, ni, thee; Plur., un-pi, us, and ni-pi, you.

2. a. These pronouns are used with active verbs to denote the object of the action; as, kaġa, he made, makaga, he made me, nićaġapi, he made you.

b. They are also used with neuter verbs and adjectives; as, yazan, to be sick, mayazaŋ, I am sick; waste, good, mawaste, I am good. The English idiom requires that we should here render these pronouns by the nominative case, although it would seem that in the mind of the Dakotas, the verb or adjective is used impersonally, and governs the pronoun in the objective.

c. They are also incorporated into nouns, where in English the substantive verb would be used as a copula; as, wićaśta, man, wimaćaśta, I am a man.

3. In the same cases where 'we' and 'ye' subjective are used (see § 18. 4.), the objective pronouns have the forms 'mi' and 'ni,' instead of maki' and nići;' as, kićaġa, he makes to one, miéaga, he makes to me, nićaġa, he makes to thee, nićagapi, he makes to you.

4. There is no objective pronoun of the third person singular; but 'wića' (perhaps originally man) is used as an objective pronoun of the third person plural; as, wastedaka, to love any one, waśtewićadaka, he loves them; wićayazaŋ, they are sick. When followed by a vowel, the a' final is dropped; as, ećawićunkićonpi, we do to them.

§ 20. Instead of 'wa,' I, and ‘ni,' thee, coming together in a word, the syllable 'éi' is used to express them both; as, wastedaka, to love, wastećidaka, I love thee. The plural of the object is denoted by adding the term 'pi ;' as, waśtećidakapi, I love you. The only essential difference between 'ći' and the 'un' of the dual and plural is, that in the former the first person is in the nominative and the second in the objective case, while in the latter both persons are in the same case.

The place of the nominative and objective pronouns in the verb, adjective, or noun, into which they are incorporated, will be explained when treating of those parts of speech.

Possessive.

§ 21. a. The possessive pronouns are, Sing., mi or ma, my, ni, thy; Dual, uŋ, (my and thy) our; Plur., un-pi, our, ni-pi, your.

b. These pronouns are prefixed to nouns which signify the different parts of oneself, as also one's words and actions, but they are not used alone to express the idea of property in general; as, mitanćan, my body; minagi, my soul; mitawaćiŋ, my mind; mitezi, my stomach; misiha, my foot; mićante, my heart; miiśta, my eye; miisto, my arm; mioie, my words; miohan, my actions; untanćan, our two bodies; untanćanpi, our bodies; nitanćanpi, your bodies; uŋnagipi, our souls; únéantepi, our hearts.

c. In those parts of the body which exhibit no independent action, the pronoun of the first person takes the form ma;' as, mapa, my head; manoge, my ears; mapoģe, my nose; mawe, my blood, etc.

§ 22. 1. The pronouns of the first and second persons prefixed to nouns signifying relationship, are, Sing., mi, my, ni, thy; Dual, uŋki, (my and thy) our; Plur.,

uŋki-pi, our, ni-pi, your: as, mićiŋća, my child; nideksi, thy uncle; nisunka, thy younger brother; unkićinćapi, our children.

2. a. Nouns signifying relationship take as the pronouns of the third person, the suffix 'ku,' with its plural 'kupi;' as, sunká, the younger brother of a man, suŋkaku, his younger brother; tanká, the younger sister of a woman, taŋkaku, her younger sister; hihna, husband, hihnaku, her husband; ate, father, atkuku, his or her father.

b. But after the vowel 'i,' either pure or nasalized, the suffix is either 'tku' or 'éu;' as, deksi, uncle, dekśitku, his or her uncle; tanksi, the younger sister of a man, taŋksitku, his younger sister; ćiŋksi, son, ćiŋhiŋtku, his or her son; tawin, a wife, tawiću, his wife; éinye, the elder brother of a man, ćiŋću, his elder brother.

Perhaps the origin of the 't' in 'tku' may be found in the 'ta' of the third person used to denote property. See the next section.

23. 1. ‘Mita,' 'nita,' and 'ta,' singular; 'unkita,' dual; and 'uŋkita-pi,' ' nitapi' and 'ta-pi,' plural, are used to express property in things: as, mitaon spe, my axe ; nitaśunke, thy dog; they say also mitahoksidan, my boy. These pronouns are also used with koda, a particular friend, as, mitakoda, my friend, nitakoda, thy friend, takodaku, his friend; and with kićuwa, comrade, as, nitakićuwa, thy comrade, etc. 2. a. 'Mita,''nita,' and 'ta,' when prefixed to nouns commencing with 'o' or 'i,' drop the 'a;' as, owinza, a bed, mitowinze, my bed; ipahin, a pillow, nitipahin, thy pillow; itazipa, a bow, tinazipe, his bow.

b. When these possessive pronouns are prefixed to abstract nouns which commence with 'wo,' both the 'a' of the pronoun, and 'w' of the noun, are dropped; as, wowaste, goodness, mitowaste, my goodness; woksape, wisdom, nitoksape, thy wisdom; wowaonśida, mercy, towaonśida, his mercy.

c. But when the noun commences with 'a,' the 'a' of the pronoun is usually retained; as, akićita, a soldier, mitaakićita, my soldier.

3. 'Wića' and 'wići' are sometimes prefixed to nouns, making what may be regarded as a possessive of the third person plural; as, wićahuŋku, their mother; wićiatkuku, their father.

§ 24. The reflexive pronouns are used when the agent and patient are the same person; as, wasteiçidaka, he loves himself, waśteniçidaka, thou lovest thyself, wastemiçidaka, I love myself.

The forms of these pronouns are as follows:

§ 25. 1. The relative pronouns are tuwe, who, and taku, what; tuwe kasta and tuwe kakeś, whosoever or any one; taku kaśta and taku kakeś, whatsoever or any thing.

2. Tuwe and taku are sometimes used independently in the manner of nouns: as, tuwe u, some one comes; taku yamni waŋmdaka, I see three things.

3. They are also used with ' dan ' suffixed and 'śni' following: as, tuwedaŋ śni, no one; takudaŋ mduhe śni, I have not any thing; tuktedan uŋ śni, it is nowhere; unmana ećoŋpi śni, neither did it.

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.

§ 26. These are tuwe, who? with its plural tuwepi; taku, what? which is used with the plural signification, both with and without the termination 'pi ;' tukte, which? tukten, where? tuwe tawa, whose? tona, tonaka, and tonakeća, how many?

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.

§ 27. 1. These are de, this, and he, that, with their plurals dena, these, and hena, those; also, ka, that, and kana, those or so many. From these are formed denaka