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case they may be commonly translated by the English passive; as, kaśkapi, (theybound-him) he is bound; nićaśkapi, (they-bound-thee) thou art bound; makaśkapi, (they-bound-me) I am bound; wićakaśkapi, (they-bound-them) they are bound.

Neuter and Adjective Verbs.

§ 54. Neuter and adjective verbs seem likewise to be used impersonally, and are varied by means of the same pronouns; as, ta (it-dies-him) he dies, nița (it-dies-thee) thou diest, mata, I die, tapi, they die, etc.; waste (good) he is good, niwaste (thee-good) thou art good, etc.

The termination 'pi' in tapi, nițapi, etc., does not appear to be used to mark plurality in the subjective pronoun understood, but in the objective pronoun either expressed or understood; and this is corroborated by the form wićața, (it-dies-them) they die, where the subject understood is evidently singular.

It appears practically convenient to include these verbs, and a few others which are varied in a similar manner, in one group, to which we will give the name of third conjugation.

CONJUGATION III.

§ 55. This conjugation is distinguished by the pronouns 'ni' in the second, and 'ma' in the first person singular. Those verbs included under the first variety take these pronouns in their full form. The second variety embraces those in which the pronouns appear in a fragmentary state, and are irregular in their conjugation.

FIRST VARIETY.

§ 56. To this variety belong neuter and adjective verbs. The proper adjective verbs always prefix the pronouns; but while some neuter verbs prefix, others insert them.

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§ 57. Verbs in this variety have only 'n' and 'm,' fragments of the pronouns 'ni' and 'ma,' in the second and first persons singular. These appear to be mostly active transitive verbs.

A. Pronouns Prefixed.

1. The fragmentary pronouns, 'n' and 'm,' are prefixed to the entire verb.

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In this and the following examples only the Indicative Aorist is given, the formation of the remaining parts having been already sufficiently exhibited.

Unpa and cannúnpa, to smoke a pipe, are conjugated like un, to use.

The reflexive form of verbs which in the third person singular commences with 'ihd' (see § 40. 3.) is also conjugated like 'uŋ;' as, ihdáśka, to bind oneself; nihdáśka, thou bindest thyself; mihdáśka, I bind myself.

2. The prefixed 'n' and 'm' take the place of the initial ‘y.'

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Yánka, to weave, differs in conjugation from yaŋká, to be, only in the first person singular.

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This second example differs from the first in the change of vowels, 'u' taking the place of 'a.' Wáŋka and iwáŋka, to lie down, go to bed, are conjugated like iwánġa.

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5. The pronouns when suffixed take the forms 'ni' and 'mi.'

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§ 58. These are formed of two verbs compounded together (§ 37. 2.). They usually have the pronouns proper to both verbs, though sometimes the pronouns of the last verb are omitted; as, hdiyotaŋka (hdi and iyotaŋka), to come home and sit down; wahdimdotanka, I come home and sit down: they also say wahdiyotanka.

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Hdíyotanka is conjugated like hiyotanka. Hinaźin, hdinaźiŋ, and kinaźin, in both parts, are of the first conjugation; as, wahinawaźin, yahinayaźin, etc.

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Hiwanka, kiwanka, and hdiwaŋka are conjugated like kaska of the first conjugation and iwanga of the

third.

IRREGULAR AND DEFECTIVE VERBS.

§ 59. 1. Eya, to say, with its compounds héya and kéya, are conjugated irregularly, 'h' and 'p' taking the place of 'y' in the second and first persons singular.

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2. Epća, I think, with its compounds hepća and kepća, are defective, being used

only in the first person singular.

KSA, to break off, separate.

with the foot. yaksa, to bite off. | paksa, to break off naksa, to break off kaksa, to cut off with by pushing.

an axe.

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thee.

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baníksa

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baciksa

bawićáwaksa baćiksapi bawićúnksa

baníksapi

bamáksapi

bawićáksapi baníksapi

bamáyaksapi bawićáyaksapi

baúnksapi baúnyaksapi

bawićúnksapi baúŋniksapi

boniksa

bomáksa

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bomáyaksa

bowićáyaksa

boúnyaksapi

boćiksa

bowićáwaksa boćíksapi

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