A

a, the first letter of the Dakota alphabet. It has but one uniform sound, that of a in father.

a, an inseparable preposition or prefix.

1. Prefixed to verbs and adjectives, it usually means on or upon: as, magaźu, to rain, amagażu, to rain on; mani, to walk, amani, to walk on; han, to stand, ahan, to stand on; waste, good, awaśte, to be good on or in addition to, to become, befit.

2. In some cases it gives a causative meaning to the verb: as, u, to come, au, to bring; ya, to go, aya, to take.

3. It forms a collective plural in the case of some verbs of motion: as, au, they come; aya, they go; ahi, they have arrived.

4. Prefixed to nouns, it sometimes makes adverbs: as, wanića, none, awanin or awaninya, in a destroying way; paha, a hill, apahaya, hilllike.

5. It makes nouns of some verbs: as, bapta, to cut off from, abapte, a cutting on, ćaŋ abapte, a cutting-board.

a, intj. inseparable, expressing incredulity or contempt. It is usually followed by ka or kaća: as awaśteka, amakukaća.

a-a', v. n. to mould, become mouldy. a-a'-mna, v. n. (aa and omna) to smell mouldy. a-ba'-hda, v. a. to shave off with a knife, as the fat from guts,-abawahda, abayahda. a-ba'-hda-hda, v. red. of abahda.

a-ba'-ka, v. a. (a and baka) to cut or split the feather from a quill; fig. to be straight or without wrong doing: abakapi se waun,—abawaka.

ABA

a-ba'-ke-za, v. a. (a and bakeza) to cut off smooth, as a feather for an arrow,-abawakeza, abayakeza.

a-ba'-kpan, v. a. (a and bakpan) to cut fine on, make fine on, as in cutting tobacco: ćan abakpan, a tobacco-board,-abawakpan, abayakpan.

a-ba'-ksa, v. a. (a and baksa) to cut off, as a stick, on any thing, with a knife,—abawaksa, abaunksapi.

a-ba'-ksa-ksa, v. red. of abaksa. a-ba'-kśiś, v. cont. of abaksiża: abakśiś iyeya, to double or shut up, as a knife, on any thing. a-ba-ksi-za, v. a. (a and baksiża) to shut up on, as a pocket-knife,—abawakśiża, abayakśiża. a-ba'-ke-za, v. a. (a and bakeza) to split the feather end of a quill; to cut off, as the ribs of an animal on,-abawakeza, abayakeza, abaunķezapi. a-ba'-mda-za, v. a. (a and bamdaza) to cut or rip open on,-abawamdaza, abayamdaza, abaunmdazapi.

a-ba'-mde-ća, v. a. (a and bamdeća) to break by cutting on any thing, as something brittle; to cut up in pieces on,-abawamdeća, abayamdeća, abaunmdećapi.

a-ba'-mden, v. cont. of abamdeća: abamden iyeya.

a-ba'-pon, cont. of abapota.

a-ba'-po-ta, v. a. (a and bapota) to cut in pieces on, destroy on any thing, by cutting with a knife, —abawapota, abayapota, abaunpotapi. a-ba'-psa-ka, v. a. (a and bapsaka) to cut off on, as a cord or string, with a knife,―abawapsaka, abayapsaka, abaunpsakapi.

a-ba'-pta, v. a. (a and bapta) to cut off from, as a piece; to cut on, as clothes on a board,―aba-wapta, abayapta, abaunptapi.

a-ba'-pte, n. ćan abapte, a cutting-board. a-ba'-ptus, v. cont. of abaptuźa: abaptuś iyeya. a-ba'-ptu-ża, v. a. (a and baptuźa) to split or crack by cutting on any thing; to crack or split, as a knife-handle, in cutting on any thing,―abawaptuża, abayaptuża.

a-ba'-so, v. a. (a and baso) to cut off a string from; to cut a string on any thing,-abawaso, abayaso.

a-ba'-so-so, v. red. of abaso; to cut strings from;

to cut into strings on,-abawasoso.

a-ba'-śda, v. a. (a and baśda) to make bare on, shave off with a knife on; to cul, as grass, in addition to what is already done,-abawaśda, abayaśda, abaunśdapi.

a-ba'-tpaŋ, v. a. Same as abakpan, which see. a-ba'-źan, v. cont. of abażata: abażan ośtaŋ, to sit astride, be placed on astride.

a-ba'-za-ta, v. a. (a and bażata) to make a split on,-abaważata.

a-bo'-ksa, v. a. (a and boksa) to break off by

shooting on; to break off by punching on,-abowaksa, aboyaksa, abouŋksapi.

a-bo'-ku-ka, v. a. (a and bokuka) to shoot or punch to pieces on,-abowakuka, aboyakuka, abounkukapi.

a-bo'-ke-ġa, v. a. (a and bokega) to miss fire on, as in trying to shoot; to snap a gun on,— abowakeġa, aboyakega, abouŋkeġapi, abomakega.

a-bo'-keh, v. cont. of abokega: abokeh iyeya. a-bo'-mda-za, v. a. (a and bomdaza) to tear open by shooting on any thing,-abowamdaza, aboyamdaza.

a-bo'-mde-ća, v. a. (a and bomdeća) to break in

pieces by shooting or punching on,-abowamdeća, aboyamdeća, abouŋmdećapi.

a-bo'-mden, v. cont. of abomdeća: abomden iyeya.

a-bo'-mdu, v. n. (a and bomdu) to blow up on, as by the wind; to bubble up on, as water; said when a multitude gathers around one,—abomamdu.

a-bo'-mdu-mdu, v. red. of abomdu; to bubble up,

as water.

a-bo'-po-ta, v. a. (a and bopota) to shoot to pieces on any thing,-abowapota, aboyapota, abounpotapi.

a-bo'-psa-ka, v. a. (a and bopsaka) to break off, as a cord, by shooting on,-abowapsaka, aboyapsaka.

a-bo'-pta, v. a. (a and bopta) to punch off a piece,

by striking on any thing, with the end of a stick, -abowapta, aboyapta, abounptapi. a-bo'-ptus, v. cont. of aboptuźa: aboptuś iyeya.

a-bo'-ptu-ża, v. a. (a and boptuźa) to split or crack, as an arrow, by shooting against any thing; or, as a stick, in punching,-abowaptuża, aboyaptuża, abouŋptuźapi.

a-bo'-śda, v. a. (a and bośda) to make bare on by punching,-abowaśda.

a-bo'-śdo-ka, v. a. (a and bośdoka) to shoot off on; to empty the contents of a gun on any thing, by shooting at it: mazakaŋ abośdoka,—abowaśdoka, aboyaśdoka, abounśdokapi. a-bo'-ta-ku-ni-śni, v. a. (a and botakuniśni) to destroy by shooting or punching on any thing,abowatakuniśni, aboyatakuniśni, abountakunipi

śni.

a-ća'-ġa, v. n. (a and éaga) to freeze in, on, or upon; to become ice upon,-amaćaġa. a-ća'-ġa-sda-ya, adj. all smooth with ice, icy. Same as aćaliśdaya.

a-ćah'-sna-sna, v. n. (a ćaġa and snasna) to rattle, as icicles formed on any thing. a-ćah-śda-ya, adj. (a ćaġa and śdaya) all icy, covered with ice, as trees when rain is frozen on them.

a-ća'-ksin, v. a. to step over, pass over, jump over; to avoid, pass by, neglect; to transgress,— aćawaksin, adayaksin, aćaunkśinpi, acamaksin, aćaćikśin, etc.; woaćaksin, passing over. a-ća'-ksin-ya, v. a. to cause to pass over,—aćaksinwaya, aćaksinmayan.

a-ća'-ksin-yan, adv. passing over.

a-ćan'-ćan, v. n. (a and ćaŋéan) to shake on account of,-amaćaŋćan.

a'-ćaŋ-ćan, v. a. to apply oneself to intensely: áćanćan hinéa; áćanćan econpi, i. q. akiptan econpi,-áwaćanćan, áуaćanćan.

a-ćan'-ka-śka, v. a. (a ćaŋ and kaska) to bind wood on; to inclose on, fence in,-aćan wakaśka. a-ćan'-ku-ya, v. a. (a ćanku and ya) to make a road on; to pass through on,-aćankuwaya. a-ćan'-ku-ya, adv. lying on, as a road; passing through.

a-can'-ni-yan, v. n. (a and canniyan) to be angry for,-aćanmaniyan, acaŋniniyaŋ, acaŋniunyanpi.

a-can'-ni-ye-ya, v. a. to be angry at one on account of something,-aćanniyewaya, acaŋniyeunyanpi.

a-ćaŋ'-nuŋ-pa, v. a. (a and ćaŋnunpa) to smoke on or after, as after eating,-aćaŋnuŋmunpa. See ćannunpa.

a-ćan'-te-si-ća, v. n. (a cante and sića) to be sad on account of. See ićanteśića. a-ćan'-te-sin-ya, adv. sorrowfully for. a-ćan'-te-sin-ya-ken, adv. sadly for.