Hands and Knees; fo that it is plain that Nature intended us to walk as we do, and not upon all Four.

2. I argue from the Situs, or Pofition of our Faces; for had we been to walk upon all Four, we had been the most prone of all Animals, our Faces being parallel to the Horizon, and looking directly downwards.

3. The Greatness and Strength of the Muscles of the Thighs and Legs above those of the Arms, is a clear Indication, that they were by Nature intended for a more difficult and laborious Action, even the moving and transferring the whole Body, and that Motion to be fometimes continued for a great while together.

As for that Argument taken from the contrary Flexure of the Joints of our Arms and Legs to that of Quadrupeds, as that our Knees bend forward, whereas the fame Joint of their Hindlegs bends backward; and that our Arms bend backward, whereas the Knees of their Fore-legs bend forward. Although the Obfervation be as old as Ariftotle, because I think there is a Mistake in it, in not comparing the fame Joints (for the firft or uppermoft Joint in a Quadruped's Hind-legs bend forward, as well as a Man's Knees, which answer to it, being the uppermoft Joint of our Legs; and the like mutatis mutandis may be faid of the Arms) I fhall not infist upon it.

Another

Another Particular which may ferve to de monstrate that this erect Pofture of the Body of Man was intended and designed by the Wife and Good Author of Nature, is the Fastning of the Cone of the Pericardium to the Midriff: An Account whereof I fhall give the Reader out of the ingenious_Dr. Tyfon's Anatomy of the Orang-Outang, or Pygmie, p. 49.

Vefalius (faith he) and others make it a Peculiarity to Man, that the Pericardium, or Bag that inclofes the Heart, fhould be faftned to the Diaphragm. Vefalius tells us, (De Corporis Humani fabrica, lib. 6. cap. 8.) Cæterùm involucri mucro, & dextri ipfius lateris egregia portio Septi tranfverfi nerveo circulo validiffimè amploque admodum fpatio connafcitur, quod. Hominibus eft peculiare. The Point of the Pericardium, and a very confiderable Portion of its right Side, is most firmly fastned to the nervous Circle of the Midriff for a large Space, which is peculiar to Mankind. So Blancardius Anat. reformat. cap. 2. p. 8. Homo pra cæteris Animalibus hoc peculiare habet, quod ejus Pericardium Septi tranfverfi medio femper, accrefcat cùm idem in Quadrupedum genere librum & aliquanto fpatio ab ipfo remotum fit: Man hath this peculiar to him, and different from other Animals, that his Pericardium doth always grow to the Middle of the Madriff; whereas in the Quadrupedkind it is free and removed fome Distance from it.

The Pericardium in Man is therefore thus faftned, that in Expiration it might affift the Diaftole

Diastole of the Diaphragm: For otherwise the Liver and Stomach being fo weighty, they would draw it down too much towards the Abdomen, fo that, upon the Relaxation of its Fibres in its Diaftole, it would not ascend sufficiently into the Thorax, fo as to cause a Subfidency of the Lungs by leffening the Cavity there. In Quadrupeds there is no need of this 'Adhesion of the Pericardium to the Diaphragm; for in them, in Expiration, when the Fibres of the Diaphragm are relaxed, the Weight of the Viscera of the Abdomen will easily prefs the Diaphragm up into the Cavity of the Thorax, and fo perform that Service. Befides, were the Pericardium faftned to the Diaphragm in Quadrupeds, it would hinder its Stole in Infpiration, or its Defcent downwards upon the Contraction of its Muscular Fibres; and the more, because the Diaphragm being thus tied up, it could not then fo freely force down the Weight of the Vifcera, which are always preffing upon it, and confequently not fufficiently dilate the Cavity of the Thorax, and therefore muft hinder their Infpiration. Thus we see how neceffary it is, that in Man, the Pericardium fhould be faftned to the Diaphragm, and in Quadrupeds how inconvenient it would be. And fince we find this Difference between the Hearts of Brutes and Men in this particular, how can we imagine but that it must needs be the Effect of Wisdom and Defign, and that Man was intended by Nature to walk erect, and not upon all Four, as Quadrupeds do?

II. The

II. The Body of Man may thence be proved to be the Effect of Wisdom, because there is nothing in it deficient, nothing fuperfluous, nothing but hath its End and Ufe. So true are thofe Maxims we have already made use of, Natura nihil facit fruftra, and Natura non abundat in fuperfluis, nec deficit in neceffariis, no Part that we can well fpare. The Eye cannot fay to the Hand, I have no need of thee, nor the Head to the Feet I have no need of you, I Cor. xii. 21. that I may ufurp the Apostle's Similitude.

The Belly cannot quarrel with the Members, nor they with the Belly, for her seeming Sloth: As they provide for Meat for her, fo fhe concocts and diftributes it to them. Only it may be doubted to what Ufe the Paps in Men fhould serve. I answer, partly for Ornament, partly for a kind of Conformity between the Sexes, and partly to defend and cherish the Heart; in fome they contain Milk, as in a Danish Family we read of in Bartholine's Anatomical Obfervations. However, it follows not that they or any other Parts of the Body are useless because we are ignorant.

I have lately met with a Story in Seignior Paulo Boccone his Natural Obfervations, printed at Bologna in Italy, 1684. well attested, concerning a Country-man, called Billardino di Billo, living in a Village belonging to the City of Nocera in Umbria, called Somareggio, whofe Wife dying, and leaving a young Infant, he nourished it with his own Milk. This Q 2

Man,

Man, either because in the small Village where he lived there was not a wet Nurse to be had, or because he was not able to hire one, took the Child, and applying it to his own Bosom, and putting the Nipples of his Breasts into its Mouth, invited it to fuck, which the Infant did, and after divers times drawing, fetch'd fome Milk; whereat the Father encouraged, continued to apply it, and fo after a while it brought down the Milk fo plentifully as to nourish it for many Months, till it was fit to be weaned. Hereupon my Author having proved by fufficient Authority of able Anatomifts, fuch as Francifcus Maria Florentinus, and Marcellus Malpighius, that the Paps of Men have the fame Structure and the fame Veffels with thofe of Women, concludes, that Nature hath not given Paps to Men, either to no Purpose, or for meer Ornament, but, if Need requires, to fupply the Defect of the Female, and give Suck to the Young.

Had we been born with a large Wen upon our Faces, or a Bavarian Poke under our Chins, or a great Bunch upon our Backs like Camels, or any the like fuperfluous Excrefcency, which fhould be not only useless but troublesome, not only ftand us in no ftead, but alfo be illfavoured to behold, and burdenfome to carry about, then we might have had fome Pretence to doubt whether an intelligent and bountiful Creator had beed our Architect; for had the Body been made by Chance, it must in all

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