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ARTICLES.

Coral, cut, manufactured, or set..
Corks, and cork bark, manufactured..
Crayons of all kinds....

Tariff-tax on each $100 worth under the present law and the Mills bill.

Dice, draughts, chessmen, chess balls, billiard and bagatelle balls, of ivory
or bone....

Emery grains and emery manufactured, ground, pulverized, or refined.
Epaulets, galloons, laces, knots, stars, tassels and wings of gold, silver or

other metal..

$ 25.00

25 00

20 00

50.00

24 58

20 00

Fire-crackers of all kinds..

Floor matting and floor mats, exclusively of vegetable substances.
Fulminates, fulminating powders, and all like articles, n. o. p....
Fur, articles made of, n. o. p...

100 00

20 00

30 00

30 00

34 13

Hair cloth, known as "crinoline cloth," and all other manufactures of hair, n. o. p..

8.46

30 00

24 01

30 00

Gunpowder, and all explosive substances used for mining, blasting, artillery or
sporting purposes, when valued at twenty cents or less per pound..
Valued at twenty cents per pound.........

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Hats, materials for, braids, plaits, flats, willow sheets and squares, used for making or ornamenting hats, bonnets and hoods, composed of straw, chip, grass, palm-leaf, willow, hair, whalebone, or any vegetable substance or material, n. o. p..

Hatters' furs, not on the skin, and dressed furs on the skin.

India-rubber fabrics, composed wholly or in part of India-rubber, n. o. p.
Articles composed of India-rubber, n. o. p..
India-rubber boots and shoes...

Jet, manufactures and imitation of..

Jewelry of all kinds..

Leather, bend or belting leather, and Spanish or other sole leather, and leather, n. o. p....

Calfskins, tanned, or tanned and dressed, and dressed upper leather of all other kinds, and skins dressed and finished of all kinds, n. o. p., and skins of morocco, finished...

Skins for morocco, tanned, but unfinished.

All manufactures and articles of leather, or of which leather shall be a com ponent part, n. o. p...

20 00

20 00

30.00

25.00

25 00 25.00

25 00

15.00

20 00

10.00

30.00

Lime.....

10.00

Linseed or flaxseed..

19 87

But no drawback shall be allowed on oil cake made from imported seed. Musical instruments of all kinds..

Painting in oil or water colors, and statuary, n. o. p...

Pencils of wood filled with lead or other material, and pencils of lead.

Pencil leads not in wood....

25.00 30.00

56 18 10.00

Pipes, pipe-bowls, and all smokers' articles, whatsoever, n. o. p..
All common pipes of clay..

Plaster of Paris, when ground or calcined..

70 00

35 00

20 00

Playing cards..

Polishing powders of every description by whatever name known, including
Frankfort black, and Berlin, Chinese, fig and wash blue..

Precious stones of all kinds...

100 00

20 00

10 00

Scagliola, and composition, tops for tables or for other articles of furniture.
Sealing wax..

35 00

20.00

Shells, whole or parts of, manufactured, of every description, n. o. p...
Stones, free-stones, granite, sandstone, and all building or monumental stone,
hewn, dressed, or polished, except marble, n. o. p...

25 00

20 00

Teeth, manufactured..

20 00

Umbrellas, parasols, and sunshades, frames, and sticks for, finished or unfinished, n. o. p..........

30 00

Watches, watch-cases, watch movements, parts of watches, watch glasses and watch keys, and watch materials, n. o. p...

25 00

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Chemicals.....

Earthenware and glassware..

$18,864,257.96 $6,199,811.99 $785,153.68 $1,090, 103.79 32.87 28.17

13,056,150.43

Metals...

55,111,922.37

Wood and wooden

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7,697,357.06 74,242,279.20 39,165,566.07

Cotton and cotton goods.....

Provisions....

Hemp, jute and flax
goods...

Wool and Woolens..
Books, papers, etc...
Sundries....

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30,208,851.83

33,807,287.55
60,586,613.61

5,214,635.21

59,580,006.88

7,776,202.42 970,243,29 4,593,210.69 59.55 52.17 22,469,401.89 1,267,288.07 6,478,680.88 40.77 38.47

1,385,356.19 45,587.18 260,217.95 18.00 17.40 58,016,686.34 11,759,799.76 46,253,492.51 78.15 62.31 9,529,091.81 369,600.10 1,494,666.22 24.33 23.39 12,081,297.43 277,610.29 955,989.28 29.99 39.07

9,497,981.74 2,079,456.11 4,198,321.39 28.10. 21.94 35,629,534.13 12,186,902.75 17,069,540.15 58.81: 38.69 1,154,369.41 3,556.90 10,425.35 22.13 22.06 16,001,597.36 1,087,593.25 4,131,134.87 26.86 25.03

$397,534,923.17 $179,741,330.71 30,832,791.38 86,534,783.08 45.21 37.46 19,758,845.51

$397,534,923.17 $179,741,330.71 50,591,636.89 86,534,783.08

Average rate of present duty

Average rate proposed by this bill.

Reduction recommended by the Republicar. Tariff Commission in 1881...

.47.10

.42.68

.25 per ct.

CHAPTER XLVI.

"A CONDITION-NOT A THEORY."

THE BURDENS OF TAXATION ON INDUSTRY REMAINING AS THE RESULT OF THE WAR TARIFF.

A Complete Exposition of the Methods by which the Progressive Industries of the Many have been Shackled by Heavy Taxes for the Benefit of the Few-Greater Commercial Privileges Demanded-Solid Arguments in favor of Releasing some of the Taxes on Labor.

In the collection and arrangement of matter for the discussion of the tariff question, the compiler has found bimself laboring under many difficulties, not from a lack of material, but because of an embarrassment of riches. An attempt has been made, however, to cull from the speeches made in the long and able debate covering more than two months, such discussions of the question as will cover the whole line of argument advanced in favor of the reduction of burdensome war taxes.

The members of the House who contributed to this discussion were drawn from every section of the country-North and South, East and West-and their ideas will be found fairly echoed in the two chapters devoted to this question. Not only did these men represent every section of the country, but they represented every line of business, every profession, and every trade. Among them were representatives of the manufacturers of textiles, leather, sugar, metals, the mining of iron ore, and of coal, whether anthracite or bituminous, manufacturers of salt, proprietors of large tracts of timber, and of the mills which make this into lumber. Besides this, there will be found the opinions of men who are the direct representatives of the working people of the country. So that, taken as a whole, it is fair to say that every element which goes to make up the varied interests of the country is represented in the pages of this book, as they were in the long discussion in the House.

It will be observed, also, that the extracts from the speeches are not confined entirely to those made by members of one party. Three gentlemen connected with the Republican party have strongly and ably presented the question to the country

and to their constituents, and an attempt has been made to present, as briefly as possible, their views upon the most important parts of the bill, and their reasons for giving it their support in opposition to the views of their own party associates.

The wide range of the discussion will be observed, as well as the accurate knowledge shown by nearly all of those who participated in it. It has, indeed, been something of a surprise to the country to find that a question which had not been fully discussed for almost a generation, should have been so ably presented when again brought to the attention of the Congress of the United States with a view to legislation upon it.

The first chapter of this part of the book has been devoted to the report of the Committee on Ways and Means, and to extracts from the speeches of the Democratic members of the Committee, and to the able summing up of the discussion as made by Mr. Carlisle, Speaker of the House, in closing the general debate.

It has been impossible to go in extenso into the discussion of the schedules, in spite of the fact that many of the best speeches on the reduction of war taxes were made under the five minute rule. Enough of them have, however, been given to supply those arguments made by practical men upon the probable effect of the proposed reductions.

Upon the whole, it is not saying too much to assert that those who will give close attention to the speeches printed here, will find themselves thoroughly equipped with the facts and arguments necessary for presenting the question intelligently during the coming campaign.

I.

WHAT IS PROPOSED AND WHY.

AN HONEST AND FAIR

EFFORT TO REMOVE SOME OF THE SHACKLES OF INDUS

TRY AND TO PROMOTE NEW DEVELOPMENT.

Report of the Ways and Means Committee, April 2, 1888.

The committee have determined to recommend a reduction of the revenues from both customs and internal taxes. They have given the whole subject a careful and painstaking examination, and in the revision of the schedules have endeavored to act with a spirit of fairness to all interests. They have carefully kept in view at all times the interests of the manufacturer, the laborer, the producer and the consumer.

From the beginning of our Government tariff legislation has been based on the principles of mutual concession. The present bill does not depart from this pre

cedent.

In the progressive growth of our manufactures, we have reached the point where our capacity to produce is far in excess of the requirements of our home consumption. As a consequence, many of our mills are closed, and many of those still in operation are running on short time. This condition is hurtful to the manufacturer, to the laborer, and producer of the materials consumed in manufacture. The manufacturer loses the profit on his capital, the laborer loses his wages, and the producer of the materials consumed in manufacture loses the market for his products. Manufacturers, in many instances, to guard against losses by low prices, caused by an oversupply in the home market, are organizing trusts, combinations, and pools, to limit production and keep up prices. This vicious condition of business could not exist with low duties, but is the legitimate outgrowth of prohibitory duties on imports Prohibitory tariffs surround the country with lines of investment and prevent all relief from without, while trusts, combinations and pools plunder the people within.

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NEW MARKETS WILL ENABLE US TO ASSERT OUR INDUSTRIAL SUPREMACY.

In a country like ours, prolific in its resources, where the rewards of labor ought to be large, the capitalist may by such methods keep his investments secure and still make profits, but what is to become of the laborers who are thrown out of employment by stopping the wheels of machinery and limiting the amount of product? And what is to become of the producer of the materials to be consumed by the manufacturer? When the fires are shut off, the laborer and the materials are shut off at the same time, and the market for both is gone; whether they labor in the factory or the field, whether they produce cotton, wool, hemp, flax, coal or ore; whether the product of their daily labor is cloth, iron, steel, boots or shoes, they must have constant employment to obtain for themselves and families the necessaries and comforts of life.

When out of employment, with earnings cut short, with low prices for their products caused by the closing of the market, they still must pay for whatever their daily wants require the prices which the trusts have fixed. What is the remedy for this wrong? It is more extended markets for the sale of our products, and a constant and active competition in business. With active competition, combinations and pools are impossible. With the markets of the world open to us, our manufacturers may run their mills on full time, give constant employment to their laborers, with a steadily increasing rate of wages. With the markets of the world open to the sale of their products they will create an active and constant demand for all the raw materials required in manufuctures, which will stimulate, promote and reward the wool grower and the producer of cotton, hemp, flax, hides, ores and other materials of manufacture. We are the largest producers of cotton in the world, we are second in the production of wool, we put on the market annually quantities of hemp and flax, and our country is full of ores and coal. What we need is manufactures enough to consume all the annual product of these materials, and create an active demand for them, so that all our workmen may be constantly employed and receive high prices for their labor.

To accomplish this our manufacturers must have markets for the sale of their wares, and these markets are to be found in foreign countries as well as at home. To take the foreign market from the foreign manufacturer, we must produce our goods at a lower cost than he can. The principal elements of cost are labor and material. In many of our manufactures the labor cost is lower than in any country in the world, and if the cost of materials were as low here as in foreign countries, we could produce our goods more cheaply than they, and largely increase our exports to foreign markets.

FREE RAW MATERIALS NEEDED FOR THIS PURPOSE.

The annual product of our manufactories is now estimated at $7,000,000,000, of which amount we export only about $136,000,000, or less than 2 per cent. If we could obtain free of duty such raw materials as we do not produce and can only be procured in foreign countries, and mix with our home product in the various branches of manufacture, we could soon increase our exports several hundred millions. With untaxed raw materials we could keep our mills running on full time, our operatives in constant employment, and have an active demand for our raw materials in our own factories. If there should be no duty on any materials entering into manufactures many articles now made abroad would be made at home, which, while it would give more employment to our own labor, would give a better market to many articles which we produce and which enter into manufactures, such as cotton, wool, hemp, flax and others.

With this end in view we have gone as far as we could and done what we could in the present condition of things to place our manufactures upon a firm and unshaken foundation, where they would have advantages over all the manufacturers of the world. Our manufacturers having the advantage of all others in the intelligence, skill and productive capacity of their labor, need only to be placed on the same footing with their rivals in having their materials at the same cost in the open markets of the world. In starting on this policy, we have transferred many articles from the dutiable to the free list. The revenues now received on

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