composite activities of mankind that even the rapidity with which it can be "dispatched" is becoming an increasing factor in the advancement of civilization. I place emphasis on the word "dispatch" in the sense of education going forward, keeping up with the social forces which it has put in motion. Let education slacken or become static in its relation to the needs of society, as we are told there is eminent fear of now, and civilization begins to slide backward.

I shall never forget a story a friend of mine told me in connection with an interview he had with an officer of a great bicycle and automobile manufacturing corporation which was forced into bankruptcy. My friend ventured to ask him the cause of their embarrassment and he said: "This company was expending hundreds of thousands of dollars in advertising our bicycles and automobiles. Orders were coming in in such great quantities that we could hardly fill them. The president of the company came into the meeting of the board of directors one morning and moved that our advertising program be cut in two, stating that the desire for our bicycles had now become so fixed in the minds of the people that we could gradually reduce it to one-fourth of the existing appropriations. His will prevailed. Business fell off rapidly. We resumed the old budget of advertising, but too late. The result was bankruptcy."

Education is to civilization what advertising is to business. Stop it or inhibit it and you bankrupt civilization.

Our fraternal order consists of many professional and business men and not a few Members of Congress, but the majority of our membership are mechanics of one kind or another. It has been truthfully said that you can not long enslave a mechanic, more especially one who works with machinery, because he learns to reason from cause forward to effect and from effect back to cause. By way of digression for a moment, let me call your attention to a great intellectual and spiritual value of the automobile, one which more than compensates for some of the ugly things said of them. It is this: The automobile is teaching the race to "use its head," in reasoning from cause to effect, not only with respect to the operation of the mechanical parts but in the operation of the car itself while on the highways.

You can not fool the mechanic on the value of research and investi

gation as applied to his own trade. He learns its value in the very progress of his work, the books which he reads concerning his trade, or the extension courses which he may be taking. The mechanic knows the value of good tools compared with poor tools or no tools at all. He knows that when a tool wears out or breaks things stop until he can replace the tool. He knows that he is able to "dispatch" his work in proportion as he is adequately equipped with good tools. So it is with the "dispatching" of education. You have got to have good mental tools, applicable to each specific job, whether it is the process of teaching or the administration of our great school system.

A very great deal of credit and profound appreciation for the development and improvement of our public-school system is due to the untiring efforts of that great humanitarian, Horace Mann, who gathered about him a group of enthusiastic friends in the support of his ideals. But no one should be allowed to remain ignorant of the fact that the great constructive, social legislation in America was the victory of the workingman' political party in Pennsylvania, New York, and several New England States that demanded and obtained our system of "free and universal education."

Only as we consider the fight which is going on now in behalf of a department of education against the reactionary forces of society can it be realized how revolutionary such a demand for a "free and universal education" appeared to the conservatives of that time and how bitterly the idea was fought.

That fight was just a little over a hundred years ago. Great movements come in cycles, it is said. For 10 years now this bill providing for a department of education, with a secretary in the President's cabinet, has been before the Congress. Don't harbor for a moment the thought that it is not going to pass, for during this time there has developed around this measure the profoundest expression of thought with respect to the needs and values of education that has ever taken place in the history of the world, an expression of thought so dear to the American people and so intimately a part of their institutions that no dogma, religious or political, can prevail against it.

Just as the principle of "free and universal education" was advanced by Horace Mann and his little group of enthusiasts and later consummated by labor, so the demand for a department of education, having started with a few great teachers and humanitarians, the ranks of labor, seeing the analogy of the working tools of the craft with the mental tools of the teachers of their children, and

sensing the motives opposing this demand, will rise with indignation, and then, and likely before then, the political opponents of this bill, if they wish to hold the confidence of the people, had best look to their laurels.

Let us stop temporizing with destiny and the process of civilization. Let us pass the Curtis-Reed bill at the earliest possible moment, that the guardians of liberty, those workers in "the little red schoolhouse on the hill," may be kept supplied with the latest and best mental tools of their art.

Doctor. DAVIDSON. I should like to file at this time resolutions favoring the creation of a department of education, with a secretary in the President's Cabinet passed by the following national, State and local lay associations supporting this movement:

General Grand Chapter, Order of the Eastern Star.
National Congress of Parents and Teachers.
National Council of Jewish Women.

American Home Economics Association.

New York State Federation of Women's Clubs.
Rhode Island State Federation of Women's Clubs.

West Virginia Federation of Women's Clubs.

General Federation of Women's Clubs.

San Diego County Federation of Women's Clubs, San Diego, Calif.
Travis County Council of Women, Travis, Tex.

Portland Federation of Women's Clubs, Portland, Oreg.

Masonic Club of Jacksonville, Fla.

Business and Professional Women's Clubs at Mount Pleasant, Utah.

Lions Club of Tooele, Utah.

Men's Club of Highland Park Teachers, Highland Park, Mich.

Ten-County Congress of the Pennsylvania Parent Teacher Association, Everett, Pa.

Parent Teacher Association at Lewiston, Mont.

New York State Congress of Parents and Teachers.

South Dakota Branch of the National Congress of Parents and Teachers.
Texas Congress of Mothers-Parents-Teachers' Association.

Board of Education of the Methodist Episcopal Church.

Woman's Missionary Council, Methodist Episcopal Church South.
Pacific Conference, Woman's Missionary Council,
Church South.

Methodist Episcopal

RESOLUTION ADOPTED BY THE GENERAL GRAND CHAPTER, ORDER OF THE EASTERN STAR, AT TORONTO, CANADA, IN August, 1925

Resolved, That the following communication be forwarded to our President, Hon. Calvin Coolidge, President of the United States:

"The General Grand Chapter, Order of the Eastern Star, in eighteenth triennial assembly at Toronto, Canada, would express our hearty sympathy and approval with that portion of your message relating to education and we would urge that a Cabinet officer be placed at the head of the educational department of our Government."

RESOLUTION ADOPTED BY THE NATIONAL CONGRESS OF PARENTS AND TEACHERS AT OAKLAND, CALIF., IN MAY, 1927

The National Congress of Parents and Teachers, assembled in its thirty-first convention in Oakland, Calif., in May, 1927, reaffirms its allegiance to the program of work that has been developed during its three decades of service to the children of America.

Fourth item on program: It urges active work in each congressional district in behalf of the new education bill creating a department of education, with a a secretary in the President's Cabinet.

RESOLUTION ADOPTED BY THE NATIONAL COUNCIL OF JEWISH WOMEN, 1927

Resolved, That a continuation of work through the legislative committee of the women's joint congressional committee on the education bill-"Action by Congress creating a Federal department of education and providing Federal aid to the States for eradication of illiteracy, for Americanization, and for the equalization of educational opportunities."

RESOLUTION ADOPTED BY THE AMERICAN HOME ECONOMICS ASSOCIATION AT ASHEVILLE, N. C., IN JUNE, 1927

The education bill was rewritten and reintroduced. The National Education Association voted to conduct an active campaign in the next Congress in favor of this bill, which, as rewritten, has the united support of its membership. The bill provides for a department of education, with a secretary in the Cabinet. There is no money appropriated to the States. It carries an appropriation of $1,500,000 for research and investigation, for the distribution of the findings, and for the employment of educational specialists in the United States Department of Education.

The committee recommends for 1927-28: Support of the education bills as drafted and supported by the National Education Association (S. 291, H. R. 5000, 69th Cong.).

RESOLUTION ADOPTED BY THE NEW YORK STATE FEDERATION OF WOMEN'S CLUBS AT SYRACUSE, N. Y., NOVEMBER, 1927

Whereas we believe that the stability of American institutions is dependent upon the informed intelligence of its citizens; and

Whereas a department of education in our Federal Government, with a secretary in the Cabinet, will give prestige to the matter of education and will as a department render service in gathering and disseminating educational data: Therefore, be it

Resolved, That the New York Federation of Women's Clubs, in convention assembled, support the new education bills (S. 291, H. R. 5000, 69th Cong.). RESOLUTION ADOPTED BY THE RHODE ISLAND STATE FEDERATION OF WOMEN'S

CLUBS, JANUARY, 1928

Resolved, That in so far as the so-called new education bill (S. 1584, H. R. 7) creates a department of education, with a secretary in the President's Cabinet, coordinates existing educational activities in the Federal Government, and provides for much-needed educational research, and in that it does not provide Federal aid to the States for education, nor give to the department the control of education within the States, nor interfere with the conduct of private and parochial schools, nor standardize education within the States, the Rhode Island State Federation of Women's Clubs, in delegate body assembled at its midwinter meeting on January 21, 1928, expresses its approval of such measure, and directs that a copy of this resolution be sent to the Senators and Congressmen now representing this State in Congress.

RESOLUTION ADOPTED BY THE WEST VIRGINIA FEDERATION OF WOMEN'S CLUBS

Resolved, That: 1. The West Virginia Federation of Women's Clubs, in convention assembled, recommend to all federated clubs that they communicate with their respective Congressmen, urging the establishment of a Federal department of education, with a secretary in the President's Cabinet.

THE GENERAL FEDERATION OF WOMEN'S CLUBS

This organization has indorsed Federal legislation designed for the following purpose:

4. To establish department of education, with Cabinet recognition for its secretary. Example: Curtis-Reed bill.

RESOLUTION ADOPTED BY THE THIRTIETH ANNUAL CONVENTION OF THE SAN DIEGO COUNTY FEDERATION OF WOMEN'S CLUBS, MAY 1927

Whereas, in view of the fact that the San Diego County Federation of Women's Clubs has a firm belief that public education is an important activity of the Nation, each of the bills preceding the Curtis-Reed bill calling for a national department of education, with a secretary of education in the President's Cabinet, has been indorsed, and

Whereas, that the present bills (S. 291 and H. R. 5000) have eliminated certain features of the preceding bills which have aroused objections: Therefore, be it

Resolved, That the San Diego County Federation of Women's Clubs, in convention assembled, indorse the Curtis-Reed bill as presented at the last Congress and ask that it be taken out of committee and presented to the House and to the Senate for action when the Congress convenes.

RESOLUTION ADOPTED BY THE TRAVIS COUNTY COUNCIL OF WOMEN, TRAVIS COUNTY, TEX.

Resolved, That the Travis County Council of Women support the bill for the establishment of a United States department of education and that our Congressman and Senators be written to, regarding our support of the bill.

RESOLUTION ADOPTED BY THE PORTLAND FEDERATION OF WOMEN'S ORGANIZATIONS, 1927, AT PORTLAND, Oreg.

The federation went on record as favoring the education bill, now in committee at Congress, to provide an educational department, with a secretary in the President's Cabinet, and a council in which State educators would be represented. RESOLUTION ADOPTED BY THE MASONIC CLUB OF JACKSONVILLE, FLA., ON MAY 14, 1926

Whereas Masonry and the public schools are, ever have been, and will forever be united by indissoluble ties; and

Whereas there is a certain bill known as the Curtis-Reed educational bill now before the Congress of the United States, the purpose of which is to provide for a department of education with a secretary in the President's Cabinet; and

Whereas the passage of this bill is of vital importance in the development of the public school in every State in the Union: There be it

Resolved by the Masonic Club of Jacksonville that the Curtis-Reed educational bill has the unqualified indorsement of this club; and be it further

Resolved, That the secretary be directed to transmit a copy of these resolutions to the President of the United States, to the Senators and Representatives of Florida, to the President of the National Education Association, and to the Supreme Council of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite for the Southern Jurisdiction of the United States; and be it further

Resolved, That the members of this club be urged to use their best efforts in arousing our Senators and Representatives to an active support of this bill. RESOLUTION ADOPTED BY THE BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONAL WOMEN'S CLUB AT MOUNT PLEASANT, UTAH, NOVEMBER 9, 1927

Whereas the United States is the only great Nation which has thus far failed to appreciate the importance of elevating education to the position of a department of the National Government with a secretary in the President's cabinet; and Whereas universal education, based upon facts and scientific investigations such as only a national department could supply, is becoming more and more vital to the welfare of our country as time advances and the complexity of civilized life increases: Therefore be it

Resolved, That we favor the enactment into law of the Curtis-Reed bill, (S. 291 and H. R. 5000), known currently as the new education bill, which provides for the establishment of a national department of education with a secretary in the President's Cabinet; and be it further

Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be mailed to each of our Representatives in Congress and that they be urged to support the measure.

RESOLUTION ADOPTED BY THE LIONS CLUB OF TOOELE, UTAH, ON FEBRUARY

15, 1928

Whereas the United States is the only great Nation which has thus far failed to appreciate the importance of elevating education to the position of a department in the National Government, with a secretary in the President's Cabinet; and

Whereas universal education, based upon facts and scientific investigations such as only a national department could supply, is becoming more and more vital to the welfare of our country as time advances and the complexity of civilized life increases: Therefore be it

Resolved, That we favor the enactment into law of the Curtis-Reed bill, (S. 1584 and H. R. 7), known currently as the new education bill, which provides for the establishment of a national department of education with a secretary in the President's Cabinet; and be it further

Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be mailed to each of our Representatives in Congress and that they be urged to support the measure.

RESOLUTION ADOPTED BY THE MEN'S CLUB OF HIGHLAND PARK TEACHERS AT HIGHLAND PARK, MICH., IN JANUARY, 1928

Believing that it will stimulate and promote education, and therefore be for the best interest and welfare of the United States, to create a department of education in the President's Cabinet, therefore we, the men teachers in the schools of Highland Park, Mich., request Congress to pass House bill No. 7 or Senate No. 1584 creating such a department.

Further, we request our Congressman, Hon. Grant Hudson, and our Senators, Couzens and Ferris, to do all in their power to secure passage of the bill and we move that a copy of this motion be sent to the secretary of the N. E. A., Representatives Reed and Hudson, and Senators Couzens, Ferris, and Curtis.

RESOLUTION ADOPTED BY THE TEN-COUNTY CONGRESS OF THE PENNSYLVANIA PARENT-TEACHER ASSOCIATION AT EVERETT, PA., ON OCTOBER 1, 1927

Whereas the National Education Association of more than 175,000 members and the National Congress of Parents and Teachers of 1,500,000 members have indorsed the bill To establish a department of education with a secretary in the President's Cabinet," and whereas parents and teachers are engaged in the greatest work of the Nation, viz, training the young for citizenship: Therefore be it

Resolved, That this meeting of 10 counties of P. T. A. delegates in convention assembled at Everett, Pa., go on record as favoring a department of education with a secretary in the President's Cabinet.

RESOLUTION ADOPTED BY THE PARENT-TEACHER ASSOCIATION AT LEWISTOWN, MONT., ON DECEMBER 13, 1927

Whereas the Parent-Teacher Association of Lewistown, Mont., has had under consideration for some time the new education bill, which provides for a national department of education with a secretary of education in the President's Cabinet, without jeopardizing the State rights in education, without interference with private and sectarian schools, and without Federal aid; and

Whereas we believe the enactment of this bill into law will be a step forward in the educational program for the children of the Nation, and that it will be in the interest of economy and efficiency: Now, therefore, be it

Resolved, That the Association of Parents and Teachers of Lewistown, Mont., unanimously approve the bill and recommend that it be passed by Congress and approved by the President at the earliest possible date; and be it

Resolved, That we send a copy of these resolutions to the members of Montana's congressional delegation.

RESOLUTION ADOPTED BY THE NEW YORK STATE CONGRESS OF PARENTS AND TEACHERS

Whereas education in New York State as a function of the State is intimately related to the same interests in all States of the Union;

Whereas there is no clearing house through which there may be wrought out such standardization as is essential to the best results and such unity as will give more equal educational opportunities than now prevail; and

Whereas it is possible to establish a department of education by means of which the States may unite toward a common purpose and yet retain full control over their separate systems: Therefore be it

Resolved, That the New York State Congress of Parents and Teachers in convention assembled favor such a national department of education whose head shall be of Cabinet rank.