UTAH

Sister M. Bertilde, representing the alumnæ, faculty, and students of St. Marys College and Academy, Salt Lake City.

Emma W. Bird, president Salt Lake Diocesan Council of the National Council of Catholic Women, Salt Lake City.

Cleone Downey, Catholic Women's League, Eureka.

Rev. J. P. Hutchison, Presbyterian Church, Greenriver.

WASHINGTON

William M. Boland, president Seattle College, Seattle.

Mrs. Mary T. Burke, president, and other officers of the Catholic Women's League, Tacoma.

Mrs. A. C. Goerig, president Seattle Council of Catholic Women, Seattle. Ethel Hannan, chairman legislative committee, Catholic Daughters of America, Court No. 820, Seattle.

Kathryn LaBerge, president the Diocesan Conference of Catholic Women of the Diocese of Seattle.

Stephen B. L. Penrose, president Whitman College, Walla Walla.

Mrs. Anna Storey, chairman Diocesan Conference Catholic Women, Seattle.

WISCONSIN

Mrs. J. B. Brady, president Parent-Teacher Association of Holy Assumption School, West Allis.

Anna Ray B. Cadigan, chairman advisory board of National Council of Catholic Women, Superior.

M. Frances Cashel, secretary Parent-Teachers' Association of Blessed Sacrament School, Madison.

Mary E. Costello, secretary Irish-history class, Fond du Lac.

Mary E. Costello, chairman of legislative committee, Fond du Lac Council of Catholic Women, Fond du Lac.

Mrs. John F. Doherty, president Wisconsin State Council of Catholic Women's Organizations, La Crosse.

Mrs. F. J. Eller, secretary Married Ladies Sodality of St. Mary's Church, Janesville.

Mrs. Catherine Felsecker, president Catholic Women's League of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.

Mrs. Thomas J. Fleming, president Christian Mothers' Society of Holy Assumption, Roman Catholic Church, West Allis.

Mrs. Henry Gramling, president Mercy High School Parent-Teachers' Association, Milwaukee.

Mrs. F. H. Grisen, president St. Joseph Orphan Club, Superior.

Maude Fowler Higgins, chairman Superior Parent-Teacher Association, Superior.

Mrs. G. N. Glennon, president Marquette Women's League, Milwaukee. Mrs. John Liege and Mrs. Robert Bonack, officers of the Society of Christian Mothers, LeRoy.

Mrs. J. T. Murphy, Superior branch of the National Council of Catholic Women Superior.

Mary Petitt, vice president and other officers of Gesu Parent-Teacher Association, Milwaukee.

Edmire E. Quinlan, Stambrose Council of Catholic Women, Green Bay.
Mrs. Henry Keyser and others, Milwaukee.

Mary Stack Rooney, W. C. O. F., Superior.

Margaret A. Schmittger, Young Ladies Sodality of St. Francis Church, Superior. Rev. Peter Theisen, rector St. Leo's Rectory, Milwaukee.

Mrs. F. J. Rose Vanlaanen, president Green Bay Diocesan Council of Catholic Women, Green Bay.

Mrs. Margaret Weldon, recording secretary Christian Mothers' Society of St. Mary's Church, Racine.

Catholic Woman's Club, Watertown.

Sodality of St. Bernard's Catholic Church, Milwaukee.

The following communications bear no address: Johanna Grattan; Mrs. J. J. McCabe; Frank M. Kibler; Mrs. James A. Link; Mrs. T. J. Griffin; Mrs. John Mahm, 70 Cedar Street; Marie J. Carey, secretary Woman's Catholic Club and Auxiliary of St. Vincent de Paul, 459 East One hundred and eighty-fifth Street; Robert John Warner; one letter without signature or address.

Petitions opposing the creation of a department of education were received from the following:

M. S. Larsen and 13 citizens of Lancaster, Calif.

H. P. Jueneman and 9 citizens of Livingston, Calif.

A. C. Bode and 211 members of St. John's Lutheran Church, Orange, Calif. Catholic Woman's Club, with 9 signatures, Providence, R. I.

St. Camillius Guild of Catholic Nurses, with 8 signatures, Providence, R. I. The Holy Trinity Parish Club, with 408 signatures, Central Falls, R. I.

The Mercy Guild of the Blessed Sacrament Church, with 317 signatures, Providence, R. I.

Sarah E. Leach and 42 citizens of Providence, R. I.

The Trinity Club, with 8 signatures, Woonsocket, R. I.

The Columbus League, with 17 signatures, Central Falls, R. I.

Charles P. McAlroy and 68 citizens of Pawtucket, R. I.

Western Catholic Union, with 95 signatures.

Knights of Columbus, with 65 signatures.

Anna T. Toslan and 56 signatures.

NATIONAL CIRCLE, DAUGHTERS OF ISABELLA

Santa Maria Circle, No. 27; with 46 signatures, Waterbury, Conn.

Sarah A. Flynn and 27 members of a circle. (No name or address given.)
St. Teresa's Circle, No. 331; with 21 signatures, Cairo, Ill.

Cardinal Gibbons Circle, No. 193; with 41 signatures, Collinsville, Ill.
Doluata Circle, No. 437; with 24 signatures, Harvard, Ill.

Our Lady of Victory Circle, No. 228; with 13 signatures, Henry, Ill.
Sacred Heart Circle, No. 237; with 37 signatures, Highland, Ill.
Fort Dearborn Circle, No. 52; with 11 signatures, Chicago, Ill.
Althoff Circle, No. 271; with 53 signatures, East St. Louis, Ill.
Columbus Circle, No. 221; with 36 signatures, Chicago, Ill.

Our Lady of Mount Carmel Circle, No. 167; with 44 signatures, Mount Carmel, Ill.

Our Lady of Victory Circle, No. 246; with 11 signatures of officers protesting for whole organization, Fort Wayne, Ind.

Columbian Circle, No. 274; with 1 signature, Mishawaka, Ind.

Unity Circle, No. 363; with 168 signatures, Hammond, Lake County, Ind.

St. Rose of Lima Circle, No. 79; with 10 signatures of officers protesting for whole organization, Shelbyville, Ind.

St. Anthony's Circle, No. 352; with 21 signatures, Union City, Ind.

Madonna Čircle; with 8 signatures, Newcastle, Ind.

Marquette Circle, No. 162; with 42 signatures, Keokuk, Iowa.

Jean Loras Circle, No. 181; with 17 signatures, Fort Madison, Iowa.
Joan of Arc Circle, No. 160; with 29 signatures, Atchison, Kans.
Delphine Circle, No. 159; with 47 signatures, Kansas City, Kans.
St. Fidelis Circle, No. 364; with 14 signatures, Victoria, Kans.
Michelina Circle, No. 298; with 6 signatures, Olpe, Kans.
St. Bernards Circle, No. 299; with 46 signatures, Parsons, Kans.
Bardstown Circle, No. 242; with 48 signatures, Bardstown, Ky.
Little Flower Circle, No. 368; with 46 signatures, Ludlow, Ky.
St. Jeromes Circle, No. 351; with 19 signatures, Fancy Farm, Ky.

Immaculate Conception Circle, No. 175; with 25 signatures, West Louisville,

Ky.

Little Flower Circle, No. 392; with 51 signatures, Millinocket, Me.
Mater Circle, No. 389; with 47 signatures, Sanford, Me.

Easthampton Circle, No. 312; with 69 signatures, Easthampton, Mass.
Isabella Circle, No. 286; with 46 signatures, Greenfield, Mass.

North Brookfield Circle, No. 354; with 46 signatures, North Brookfield, Mass.
Fidelity Circle, No. 307; with 42 signatures, Chicopee, Mass.
St. Agnes Circle, No. 318; with 46 signatures, Dalton, Mass.
St. Theresa Circle, No. 341; with 16 signatures, Clinton, Mass.
St. Mary's Circle, No. 73; with 46 signatures, Uxbridge, Mass.
Hyacinth Circle, No. 71; with 43 signatures, New Bedford, Mass.
Mount Everett Circle, No. 328; with 51 signatures, Great Barrington, Mass,
Santa Maria Circle, No. 34; with 46 signatures, Worcester, Mass.
Stella Maris Circle, No. 418; with 36 signatures, St. Clair, Mich.
Trinity Circle, No. 362; with 48 signatures, Escanaba, Mich.
Marchena Circle, No. 431; with 24 signatures, Menominee, Mich

Little Flower Circle, No. 327; with 34 signatures, Monroe, Mich.
St. Agathas Circle, No. 419; with 26 signatures, Marine City, Mich.
Our Lady's Circle, No. 222; with 30 signatures, Tipton, Mo.
Barat Circle, No. 294; with 45 signatures, St. Charles, Mo.
De Soto Circle, No. 171; with 26 signatures, Maplewood, Mo.
Rosate Circle, No. 180; with 36 signatures, St. Louis, Mo.
Lorentine Circle, No. 83; with 18 signatures, Edina, Mo.
Mildner Circle, No. 348; with 24 signatures, Higginsville, Mo.
Sedalia Circle, No. 310; with 20 signatures, Sedalia, Mo.

The Mother of Francis Ward Circle, No. 306; with 27 signatures, Lincoln, N. H.
Ave Marie Circle, No. 234; with 25 signatures, Carthage, N. Y.

St. Rita's Circle, No. 268; with 42 signatures, Newark, N. Y.

Father Bowe Circle, No. 217; with 16 signatures, Fayetteville, Ohio.
Joan of Arc Circle, No. 380; with 34 signatures, Mansfield, Ohio.

Our Lady of Lundes Circle, No. 407; with 22 signatures, Versailles, Ohio.
Our Lady's Circle, No. 405; with 38 signatures, Greenville, Ohio.
Rose Hawthorne Circle, No. 394; with 25 signatures, Galion, Ohio.
St. Agnes Circle, No. 382; with 48 signatures, Tiffin, Ohio.
Santa Maria Circle, No. 325; with 32 signatures, Toledo, Ohio.

Our Lady of the Pines Circle, No. 357; with 8 signatures, Fremont, Ohio.
Queen of Peace Circle, No. 121; with 9 signatures, Newark, Ohio.
Little Flower Circle, No. 397; with 50 signatures, Springfield, Ohio.
Archbishop Moeller Circle, No. 138; with 40 signatures, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Madonna Circle, No. 383; with 46 signtures, Fostoria, Ohio.
Norwood Circle, No. 143; with 44 signatures, Norwood, Ohio.
Blessed Mother Circle, No. 376; with 51 signatures, Akron, Ohio.
St. Anne Circle, No. 396; with 40 signatures, Dayton, Ohio.

St. Benedict's Circle, No. 423; with 26 signatures, Conimicut, R. I.
Valley Falls Circle, No. 41; with 44 signatures, Valley Falls, R. I.
Granada Circle, No. 66; with 40 signatures, Pawtucket, R. I.
Pinta Circle, No. 137; with 33 signatures, Ápponaug, R. I.

St. Raymond's Circle, No. 387; with 62 signatures, Providence, R. I.
Mercy Circle, No. 154; with 28 signatures, East Greenwich, R. I.
Pawtucket Circle, No. 32; with 129 signatures, Pawtucket, R. I.
Riverside Circle, No. 28; with 31 signatures, East Providence, R. I.
Peace Circle, No. 72; with 32 signatures, Pascoag, R. I.
Valley Falls Circle; with 30 signatures, Valley Falls, R. I.
Rhode Island State Assembly; with 22 signatures, Providence, R. I.
Forty-six signatures, Bristol, R. I.

Regina Circle, No. 293; with 44 signatures, Island Pond, Vt.
Ave Marie Circle, No. 128; with 36 signatures, Brattleboro, Vt.
St. Charles Circle, No. 247; with 45 signatures, Clarendon, Va.
Santa Maria Circle, No. 269; with 42 signatures, Hartford, Wis.
Circle No. 55; with 51 signatures, Burlington, Wis.

Holy Trinity Circle, No. 156; with 47 signatures, Beaver Dam, Wis.
Pawtucket Circle, No. 32; with 46 signatures.

Circle No. 63, Indiana Part; with 7 signatures.

Delphi (Ind.) Circle, No. 150; with 13 signatures.

Racine Circle, No. 50; with 49 signatures.

Winamac Circle, No. 123; with 79 signatures.

Sacred Heart Circle, No. 219; with 42 signatures.
Rantoul Circle, No. 126; with 20 signatures.
Granite Circle, No. 194; with 5 signatures.
Friendship Circle, No. 197; with 50 signatures.

Leona Circle, No. 130; with 45 signatures.

Santa Maria Circle, No. 411; with 10 signatures, Ness City.
Salve Regina Circle, No. 276; with 37 signatures.
Santa Maria Circle, Mo. 198; with 22 signatures.
Leominster Circle, No. 256; with 37 signatures.
Pittsfield Circle, No. 303; with 41 signatures.
St. Clements Circle, No. 216; with 27 signatures.
Jeanne Di Arc Circle, No. 44; with 35 signatures.
Hope Circle, No. 70; with 25 signatures.
St. Joseph Circle, No. 433; with 15 signatures.
St. Pauls Circle, No. 400; with 31 signatures.
St. Rita Circle, No. 168; with 46 signatures.
Ave Maria Circle, No. 422; with 34 signatures.

Kansas City Circle, No. 54; with 49 signatures.
Bradford Circle, No. 108; with 32 signatures.
St. Anne's Circle, No. 209; with 42 signatures.
De Paul Circle, No. 434; with 46 signatures.
Peoria Circle, No. 89; with 26 signatures.

De Valera Newburyport Circle, No. 102; with 45 signatures.
Joan of Arc Circle, No. 158; with 37 signatures.

Our Lady of Lourdes Circle, No. 316; with 47 signatures.
St. Mary's Circle, No. 436; with 64 signatures.
Jeffersonville Circle, No. 95; with 33 signatures.
Union Circle, No. 391; with 45 signatures.

St. Luke's Circle, No. 239; with 20 signatures.
Lillis Circle, No. 250; with 22 signatures.

Little Flower Circle, No. 426; with 33 signatures.
Riverside Circle, No. 28; with 33 signatures.

Queen of Peace Circle, No. 262; with 29 signatures.
Our Lady of Lourdes Circle, No. 153; with 46 signatures.
St. Ann's Circle, No. 174; with 23 signatures.

St. Mary's Circle, No. 425; with 24 signatures.
Mother Theodore Circle, No. 56; with 6 signatures.
General Sherman Circle, No. 46; with 46 signatures.

Silver City Circle, No. 16; with 17 signatures.

Father Baron's Circle, No. 231; with 10 signatures.
Peace Circle, No. 72; with 41 signatures.

St. James Circle, No. 337; with 32 signatures.

Starved Rock Subordinate Circle, No. 176; with 30 signatures.
Leavenworth Circle, No. 229; with 30 signatures.
Russell Circle, No. 1; with 46 signatures.
Chatsworth Circle, No. 92; with 26 signatures.
Bishop Brady Circle, No. 141; with 46 signatures.
Columbanus Circle, No. 195; with 38 signatures.
St. Jean's Circle, No. 252; with 36 signatures.
Madonna Circle, No. 439; with 26 signatures.
Bailey Circle, No. 170; with 46 signatures.
De Andries Circle, No. 365; with 26 signatures.

St. Mary's Circle; with 45 signatures.

Mount Healthy Circle, No. 334; with 32 signatures.
Copernicus Circle, No. 324; with 46 signatures.

Little Flower Circle, No. 295; with 40 signatures.

STATEMENT OF HON. DANIEL A. REED, CHAIRMAN COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

Mr. REED. We have been listening, for the better part of five days, to the arguments advanced for and against enactment of H. R. 7, a bill which provides for the creation of the department of education, with a secretary in the President's Cabinet. Valuable information has been brought out about every point which I set up in my statement at the beginning of the hearing. After listening to the testimony it seems to me that a number of conclusions may be drawn.

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT HAS ALWAYS PROMOTED EDUCATION

It is not my purpose to review here the significant part which the Federal Government has taken from the very beginning in the promotion of education. I do want to urge the members of the committee, however, to read, in this connection, the testimony of Dr. John Á. H. Keith, commissioner of education in the State of Pennsylvania, in which he outlined the history of Federal participation in education. I think it has been definitely demonstrated at this hearing that the present bill does not mean in any sense a departure from the established policy of the Federal Government.

BUREAU OF EDUCATION INADEQUATE FOR PRESENT NEEDS

The present Bureau of Education, created in 1867, is inadequate to meet the needs of a Federal agency in this day and time. It was declared, by one witness who was opposed to a department of education, to be hopelessly inadequate. There was general agreement among the proponents of the bill that the Bureau of Education, under present conditions, can not do the research work that it is hoped and expected a department of education will do. Convincing arguments in support of this point of view have been brought out at the hearing.

RESEARCH NOW APPLIED IN MANY FIELDS

No one could have listened to these arguments or could read this record without marveling at the gigantic strides that have been made in the whole field of scientific investigation in recent years. Impressive evidence has been given concerning scientific research which is going on in almost every branch of human endeavor. When one contrasts the investigations that are being made in the field of business, agriculture, manufacturing, and distribution with the comparatively small effort which the Federal Government is putting forth in scientific research in education, one can not help being impressed with the need for similar research in education such as would be possible only under a Federal department of education.

CONSTITUTIONALITY OF BILL UPHELD

The question of the constitutionality of H. R. 7 has been raised during this hearing. The opponents of a department of education very generally agree that the work which the Bureau of Education is doing deserves support and ought to be continued, thereby admitting the right of the Federal Government to promote education. Because I have made a study of this question I should like to add further emphasis to the arguments that have been given to the committee regarding the constitutionality of the bill, which provides for a fourth "welfare" department.

Authorization for creation of the Department of Agriculture and later of the Departments of Commerce and Labor was found in Article I, section 8, of the Constitution, which provides that the Federal Government may levy taxes for the general welfare, as follows:

"The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States.

This clause has given rise to much controversy, but the interpretation given to it by Story in his great work on the Constitution has been followed by Congress in practice since the Government went into operation. As Story observes the clause should be read as follows:

Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, in order to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare, of the United States; the common defense and general welfare and the payment of the public debts, being the ends for which the power is conferred, and taxation a means for their attainment.

This is the interpretation placed on this clause by Hamilton in 1791, in his Report on Manufactures, who stated it as his clear opinion that the phrase 'general welfare is as comprehensive as any that could have been "used" and that "there seems no reason to doubt that whatever concerns the general interests of learning, of agriculture, of manufacturers, and of commerce, are