PRINCIPAL TECHNICAL TERMS.
Absolute terms, b. ii. ch. v. § 1. Abstraction. The act of "drawing off" in thought, and attending to separ- ately, some portion of an object pre- sented to the mind, b. ii. ch. v. § 2. Abstract terms, b. ii. ch. v. § 1. Accident. In its widest technical sense, (equivalent to Attribute,) any thing that is attributed to another, and can only be conceived as belonging to some substance (in which sense it is opposed to "Substance;") in its nar- rower and more properly logical sense, a Predicable which may be present or absent, the essence of the Species remaining the same, b. ii. ch. v. § 4. Accidental Definition. A definition
which assigns the Properties of a Species, or the Accidents of an Indi- vidual; it is otherwise called Description, b. ii. ch. v. § 6. Affirmative-denotes the quality of a Proposition which asserts the agree- ment of the Predicate with the subject, b. ii. ch. ii. § 1.
Amphibolia -a kind of ambiguity of sentence, b. iii. § 10. Analogous. A term is so called whose single signification applies with unequal propriety to more than one object, b. ii. ch. v. § 1, and b. iii. § 10. Antecedent. That part of a Conditional Proposition on which the other depends, b. ii. ch. iv. § 6. Apprehension (simple.)-The operation of the mind by which we mentally per- ceive or form a notion of some object, b. ii. ch. i. § 1. Argument. An expression in which, from something laid down as granted, something else is deduced, b. ii. ch. iii. § 1. Arbitrary-division, faulty, b. ii. ch. v. § 5; definition, b. ii. ch. v. § 6. Assertion-an affirmation or denial, b. ii. ch. ii. § 1.
Attributive term, b. ii. ch. v. § 1. Bacon erroneously supposed to have designed his Organon as a rival system to that here treated of, Introd. § 3, and b. iv. ch. iii. § 3. Categories, b. iv. ch. ii. § 1. Categorematic.-A word is so called which may by itself be employed as a Term, b. ii. cho i. § 3.
Categorical Proposition is one which affirms or denies a Predicate of a Subject, absolutely, and without any hypothesis, b. ii. ch ii. § 4. Circle-fallacy of, b. iii. § 13. Class-strictly speaking, a Class consists of several things coming under a common description, b. i. § 3. Contraposition, see Negation. Common term-is one which is applicable in the same sense to more than one individual object, b. i. § 6; b. ii. ch. i. § 3, and b. ii. ch. iv. § 6. Compatible terms, b. ii. ch. v. § 1. Composition-Fallacy of, b. iii. § 11. Conclusion-That Proposition which is inferred from the Premises of an Argument, b. ii. § 2, and L. 1i, ch. iii. § 1.
Concrete term, b ii. ch. v. § 1. Conditional Proposition-is one which asserts the dependence of one cate- gorical Proposition on another. A conditional Syllogism is one in which the reasoning depends on such a Pro- position, b. ii. ch. iv. § 6. Connotative term, b. ii. ch. v. § 1. Consequent.-That part of a conditional Proposition which depends on the other. (Consequens,) b. ii ch. iv. § 6, Note.
Consequence. The connexion between the Antecedent and Consequent of a conditional Proposition. (Consequen- tia,) b. ii. ch. iv. § 6, Note. Constructive-conditional syllogism, b. ii. ch. iv. § 3.
Contingent. The Matter of a Proposi- tion is so called when the terms of it in part agree, and in part disagree, b. ii. ch. ii. § 2. Contradictory Propositions-are those which, having the same terms, differ both in Quantity and Quality, b. ii. ch. iii. § 5.
Contrary Propositions-are two univer- sals, affirmative and negative, with the same terms, b. ii. ch. ii. § 3. Contrary terms, b. ii. ch. v. § 1. Converse, b. ii. ch. ii. § 4. Conversion of a Proposition-is the trans- position of the terms, so that the Subject is made the Predicate, and vice versa, b. ii. ch. ii. § 4. Copula. That part of a Proposition which affirms or denies the Predicate of the Subject: viz. is, or is not, expressed or implied, b. ii. ch. i. § 2. Cross-divisions, b. ii. ch. v. § 5 and 6. Definite terms, b. ii. ch. v. § 1. Definition.-An expression explanatory of that which is defined, i.e. separated, as by a boundary, from every thing else, b. ii. ch. v. § 6; b. iii. § 10. Description. An accidental Definition, b. ii. ch. v. § 6. Destructive-conditional Syllogism, b. ii. ch. iv. § 3.
Deaf-mutes-incapable of a train of reasoning, till they shall have learned some kind of general signs. Introd. § 5. Dictum" de omni et nullo;" Aristotle's: an abstract statement of an Argument, generally, b. 1, § 4. Applicable to a Sorites, b. ii. ch. iv. § 7. Difference (Differentia)-The formal or distinguishing part of the essence of a Species, b. ii. ch. v. § 4. Dilemma.-A complex kind of conditional syllogism, having more than one Antecedent in the Major Premiss, and a disjunctive Minor, b. ii. ch. iv. § 5. Discovery of Truth-two kinds of, b. iv. ch. ii. § 1.
Discourse-The third operation of the mind, Reasoning, b. ii. ch. i. § 1. Disjunctive Proposition-is one which consists of two or more categoricals, so stated as to imply that some one of them must be true. A syllogism is called disjunctive, the reasoning of which turns on such a proposition, b. ii. ch. iv. § 4.
Distributed-is applied to a Term that is employed in its full extent, so as to
comprehend all its significates,-every thing to which it is applicable, b. i. § 5, and b. ii. ch. iii. § 2. |Division, logical—is the distinct enumer- ation of several things signified by a common name; and it is so called metaphorically, from its being analo- gous to the (real and properly-called) division of a whole into its parts, b. ii. ch. v. § 5.
Division.-Fallacy of, b. iii. § 11. Drift of a proposition, b. ii. ch. iv. § 1. Elliptical expressions--apt to lead to ambiguity, b. iii § 10.
Enstatic-Figure, the third Figure, so called, b. ii. ch. iii. § 4. Enthymeme.-An argument having one Premiss expressed, and the other understood, b. ii. ch. iv. § 7. Equivocal—A Term is defined to be equivocal whose different significations apply equally to several objects. Strictly speaking, there is hardly a word in any language which may not be regarded, as in this sense, equivo- cal; but the title is usually applied only in any case where a word is employed equivocally; e.g. where the Middle-term is used in different senses in the two Premises; or where a Proposition is liable to be understood in various senses, according to the various meanings of one of its terms, b. iii. § 10.
Essential Definition — is one which assigns, not the Properties or Acci- dents of the thing defined, but what are regarded as its essential parts, whether physical or logical, b. ii. ch. v. § 6. Evidence—of Christianity, App. No. III. Example-use of, implies a universal premiss, b. iv. ch. i. § 2,—is not what,
strictly speaking, deters, b. iii § 10. Exception, proof of a rule, b. ii. ch. v. § 6. Exclusive-Figure, the second Figure, so called, b. ii. ch. iii. § 4. Extreme-The Subject and Predicate of a Proposition are called its Extremes or Terms, being, as it were, the two boundaries, having the copula (in regular order) placed between them. In speaking of a syllogism, the word is often understood to imply the ex- tremes of the Conclusion, b. ii. ch. i. § 2. Fallacy.-Any argument, or apparent argument, which professes to be deci- sive of the matter at issue, while in reality it is not, b. ii. ch. v. § 4.
False-in its strict sense, denotes the subdivided, except into individuals, quality of a Proposition which states b. ii. ch. v. § 4. something not as it is, b. ii. ch. ii. § 1. Information. b. iv. ch. ii. § 1. Figure of a Syllogism-denotes the situ- Ignoratia-elenchi-fallacy ation of its Middle-term in reference
cannot be separated from the individual it belongs to, though it may from the Species, b. ii. ch. v. § 4. Instruction.-b. iv. ch. ii. § 1. Interrogation-fallacy of. b. iii. § 9. Irrelevant-conclusion—fallacy of, b. iii. §§ 15-19.
to the Extremes of the Conclusion-Inseparable Accident-is that which The Major and Minor Terms, b. ii. ch. iii. § 4. Form-fallacies in, b. iii. §§ 1 and 7. Generalization. The act of comprehend- ing under a common name several ob- jects agreeing in some point which we abstract from each of them, and which that common name serves to indicate, b. ii. ch. v. § 2.
Genus.-A Predicable which is considered as the material part of the Species of which it is affirmed, b. ii. ch. v. § 3. Hume.-Essay on Miracles. b. i. § 3, Note; and Appendix I. Art. Experi- ence. Coincidence with some Christian writers, Appendix III. Hypothetical Proposition-is one which asserts not absolutely, but under an hypothesis, indicated by a conjunction. An hypothetical Syllogism is one of which the reasoning depends on such a proposition, b. ii. ch. iv. § 2. Idea, abstract," (supposed) Introd. § 5, and b. iv. ch. v. §§ 1 and 2. Illative Conversion-is that in which the truth of the Converse follows from the truth of the Exposita, or Proposition given, b. ii. ch. ii. § 4. Impossible. The Matter of a Proposition is so called when the extremes alto- gether disagree, b. ii. ch. ii. § 1, Ambiguity of, Appendix II. Indefinite Proposition-is one which has for its Subject a Common-term without any sign to indicate distribution or non-distribution, b. ii. ch. ii. § 2. Indefinite Terms, b. ii. ch. v. § 1. Indirect reduction-of Syllogisms in the last three Figures, b. ii. ch. iii. § 6. Individual.-An object which is, in the strict and primary sense, one, and consequently cannot be logically divid ed; whence the name, b. ii. ch. v. § 5. Induction. A kind of argument which infers, respecting a whole class, what has been ascertained respecting one or more individuals of that class, b. iv. ch. i. § 1.
Infer. To draw a conclusion from granted premises, b. iv. ch. iii. § 1. See PROVE.
Infima Species-is that which is not
Judgment.-The second operation of the mind, wherein we pronounce mentally on the agreement and disagreement of two of the notions obtained by simple Apprehension, b. ii. ch. i. § 1. Knowledge.-b. iv. ch. ii. § 2. Note. Language-an indispensable instrument for reasoning, Introd. § 5. Logic, conversant about, b. ii. ch. i. § 2. Limitation-Sec "Per Accidens." Locke-notions of Syllogism. Introd. § 3. Logical definition-is that which assigns the Genus and Difference of the Spe cies defined, b. ii. ch. v. § 6. Logomachy.-b. iv. ch. iv. § 12. Major term of a Syllogism-is the Predi- cate of the Conclusion. The Major Premiss is the one which contains the Major term. In Hypothetical Syllo- gisms, the Hypothetical Premiss is called the Major, b. ii. ch. iii. § 2, and b. ii. ch. iv. § 2.
Matter of a proposition-the nature of the connexion of its extreme, b. ii. ch. ii. § 3. Fallacies in, b. iii. §§ 1 and
Metaphor.-b. iii. § 10. Metonymy.-b. iii. § 10. Middle term of a categorical Syllogism- is that with which the two extremes of the conclusion are separately com- pared, b. ii. ch. iii. § 2, and b. ii. ch. iii. § 4.
Minor term of a categorical Syllogism- is the Subject of the conclusion. The Minor Premiss is that which contains the Minor term. In Hypothetical Syllogisms, the Categorical Premiss is called the Minor, b. ii. ch. iii. § 2, and b. ii. ch. iv. § 2.
Modal categorical proposition-is one which asserts that the Predicate exists in the Subject in a certain mode or manner, b. ii. ch. ii. § 1, and b. ii. ch. iv. § 1.
Mood of a categorical Syllogism—is the | Postulate—a form in which a Definition designation of its three propositions, in the order in which they stand, according to their quantity and quality, b. ii. ch. iii. § 4.
Necessary matter of a proposition-is the essential or invariable agreement of its terms, b. ii. ch. ii. § 3.-Neces- sary, ambiguity of, Appendix, No. I. Negation-conversion by (otherwise call- ed conversion by contraposition,) b. ii. ch. ii. § 4.
Negative categorical proposition-is one which asserts the disagreement of its extremes, b. ii. ch. ii. § 1. Negative terms, b. ii. ch. v. § 1. New Truths-of two kinds, b. iv ch. ii. § 1.
Nominal Definition-is one which ex- plains only the meaning of the term defined, and nothing more of the nature of the thing signified by that Term than is implied by the Term itself to every one who understands the meaning of it, b. ii. ch. v. § 6, and b. iv. ch. ii. § 3.
Nominalism.-b. iv. ch. v. Introd. § 5, and b. ii. ch. v. § 4. Objections--fallacy of, b. iii. § 17. Operations of the mind-three laid down
by logical writers, b. ii. ch. 1. § 1. Opposed.-Two propositions are said to be opposed to each other, when, having the same Subject and Predicate, they differ either in quantity or quality, or both, b. ii. ch. ii. § 3. Opposition of terms, b. ii. ch. v. § 1. Ostensive reduction-of Syllogisms in the
last three figures, b. ii ch. iii. § 5. Paronymous words, b. iii. § 8. Part-logically, Species are called Parts of the Genus they come under, and individuals, parts of the Species; really, the Genus is a Part of the Species, and the Species, of the Indi- vidual, b ii. ch. v. § 5.
Particular Proposition-is one in which the Predicate is affirmed or denied of some part only of the subject, b. ii. ch. ii. § 1. Per Accidens.-Conversion of a proposi- tion is so called when the Quantity is changed, b. ii. ch. ii. § 4.
Physical definition-is that which as- signs the parts into which the thing defined can be actually divided, b. ii. ch. v § 6.
Positive terms, b. ii. ch. v. § 1.
may be stated, b. ii. ch. v. § 6. Predicaments, b. iv. ch. ii. § 1 Predicate of a Proposition-is that Term which is affirmed or denied of the other, b. ii. ch. i. § 2. Predicable.-A Term which can be affir• matively predicated of several others, b. ii. ch. v. § 2.
Premiss.—A proposition employed to establish a certain conclusion, b. ii. ch. iii. § 1.
Privative terms, b. ii. ch. v. § 1. Probable arguments, b. iii. §§ 11 and 14. Proper-names-ambiguity of, b. iii. § 10. Property.-A Predicable which denotes
something essentially conjoined to the essence of the Species, b. ii. ch. v. § 3. Proposition.-A sentence which asserts, i.e. affirms or denies, b. ii. ch. ii. § 1. Prove. To adduce Premises which establish the truth of a certain conclu- sion, b. iv. ch. iii. § 1. Proximum Genus of any Species-is the nearest [least remote] to which it can be referred, b. ii. ch. v. § 4. Pure categorical proposition-is one which asserts simply that the Predicate is, or is not, contained in the Subject, b. ii. ch. ii. § 1, and b. ii. ch. iv. § 1. Quality of a Proposition-is its affirming or denying. This is the Quality of the expression, which is, in Logic, the essential circumstance. The Quality of the matter is, its being true or false; which is, in Logic, accidental, being essential only in respect of the subject- matter treated of, b. ii. ch. ii. § 1. Quantity of a Proposition-is the extent in which its subject is taken; viz. to stand for the whole, or for a part only of its Significates, b. ii. ch. ii. § 1. Question. That which is to be established as a Conclusion, stated in an interro- gative form, b. ii. ch. ii. § 4.
Real definition-is one which explains the nature of the thing defined beyond what is necessarily understood by the Term, b. ii. ch. v. § 6. Realism.-Introd. § 3. b. iv. ch. v. Reasoning-General Signs necessary for, Introd. § 5.
Reduction of syllogisms in the last three Figures, to the first, so as to fall under the Dictum, b. ii. ch. iii. §§ 5 and 6, -of hypothetical syllogisms to cate- gorical, b. ii ch. iv. § 6. References-fallacy of, b. iii. § 14.
Refutation of an argument, liable to be fallaciously used, b. iii. §§ 6 and 7. Relative terms, b. ii. ch. v. § 1. Same-Secondary use of the word, b. iv. ch. v. § 1, and Append. No. I. Second intention of a term, b. iii. § 10. Separable accident-is one which may be separated from the individual, b. iii. Introd.
Significate. The several things signified by a common Term are its significates (Significata), b. ii. ch. ii. § 1. Signs-general, indispensable for reason- ing, Introd. § 5.
Singular term is one which stands for
one individual. A Singular proposi- tion is one which has for its subject either a Singular term, or a common term limited to one Individual by a singular sign, e.g. "This," b. ii. ch. i. § 3; b. ii. ch. ii. § 2, and b. ii. ch. v. § 1. Sorites. An abridged form of stating a series of Syllogisms, of which the Conclusion of each is a Premiss of the succeeding, b. ii. ch. iv. § 7. Species.-A predicable which is consid- ered as expressing the whole essence of the individuals of which it is affirmed, b. ii. ch. v. § 3,-peculiar sense of, in Natural History, b. iv. ch. v. § 1. Stewart, Professor Dugald, his mistake respecting Aristotle's "Dictum,” b. i. § 4-instance of fallacy from, b. iii. § 14.
Subaltern Species and Genus-is that which is both a Species of some higher Genus, and a Genus in respect of the Species into which it is divided. Sub- altern opposition, is between a Uni- versal and a Particular of the same
Quality. Of these, the Universal is the Subalternant, and the Particular the Subalternate, b. ii. ch. ii. § 3, and b. ii. ch. v. § 4.
Subcontrary opposition-is between two Particulars, the Affirmative and the Negative, b. ii. ch. ii. § 3.
Subject of a proposition is that term of which the other is affirmed or denied, b. ii. ch ii. § 2.
Summum Genus-is that which is not considered as a Species of any higher Genus, b. ii. ch. v. § 4.
Syllogism.-An argument expressed in strict logical form; viz. so that its conclusiveness is manifest from the structure of the expression alone, without any regard to the meaning of the Terms, b. ii. ch. iii. § 1. Syncategorematic words -are such as cannot singly express a Term, but only a part of a Term, b. ii. ch. i § 3. Term.-The Subject or Predicate of a Proposition, b. ii. ch i. § 2. Tendency-ambiguity of. Appendix, No. I. Thaumatrope, b. iii. § 11.
True Proposition-is one which states what really is, b. ii. ch. ii. § 1. Truth new-two kinds of, b. iv. ch. ii. 2, and Appendix, No. I. Tucker-his Light of Nature, Append. I. Art. xi.
Universal Proposition-is one whose Predicate is affirmed or denied of the whole of the Subject, b. ii. ch. ii. § 1. Univocal.-A Common term is called Univocal in respect of those things to which it is applicable in the same signification, b. ii. ch. v. § 1.
Wallis, Professor, his remark on jests, b. iii. § 20.
Watts-his notion of Logic, Introd. § 3.
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