7. Shortness of the lower jaw, and promi- Inegro; and of the Chimpanzee, and Ourangnence of its mental portion.

8. Want of inter-maxillary bone.

9. Teeth all of equal length, and approximated inferior incisors perpendicular.

10. Great development of the cerebral hemispheres.

outang. In reference to the two first, we have the highest authority of learning and talent, in pronouncing that but little difference exists. It has been reiterated," says a distinguished author, "that the skull of the negro forms an intermediate link between

11. Greatness of brain in proportion to that of the European, and of the Ourangsize of the nerves connected with it.

12. Great number and development of mental faculties, whether intellectual or moral. 13. Speech.

14. Capability of inhabiting all climates and situations; and of living on all kinds of food.

outang or Chimpanzee; and one point of approximation between the former and the latter is said to consist in the situation of the foramen magnum. Now in the skull of the negro, (fig. 2,) this foramen differs in a position but very little from that of the well formed skull of a native of England, (fig. 1,)

15. Slow growth, long infancy, late puber- (the author gives the figures,) while the posty.

16. By very great peculiarities connected with the functions, times, and seasons of procreation.*

terior situation of the foramen, both in the skull of the Chimpanzee, and the Ourangoutang, is very remarkable.

Again the distance from the foramen to These strongly marked and striking pecu- the incisor teeth, (which is so considerably liarities found in man, have led naturalists, in the anthropomorphous simiae,) compared with few exceptions, to arrange the human with its distance from the occiput, is nearly race under a separate genus, which con- the same in the negro as in the European; tains under it no species, but only varieties; and as Dr. Prichard remarks, the antero-poswhich are all traceable to known causes. terior admeasurement of the basis of the It appears to us, upon the best reflection skull is, relatively, very much larger in the that we can give the subject, that there is Ourang-outang and Chimpanzee, than in man, but little argument of any force, which at- as is strikingly displayed by the different sittempts to show that the negro skull exhib-uation which the zygomatic arch occupies its a likeness to the Orang-outang, and Chim- in the plane of the basis of the skull. In panzee to that extent, which would mark the man, the zygoma is included in the anterior negro as a connecting link between the half of the basis of the cranium; in the head brute and the European. The very learned of the adult Chimpanzee, as in that of the authors of the work before us, are rather Ourang-outang, the zygoma is situated in the shy in the expression of any decided opin- middle region of the skull, and in the basis ion upon this point, yet they make the ef- occupies just one-third part of the entire fort to let the reader believe that it is so, length of its diameter. The extent, besides else why the exhibition of the plates on page of the bony palate, and the greater breadth 558, and the quotation from Dr. Jeffries Wy- between the canines than between the last man which, whilst it conceals the opinion molars, both in the Chimpanzee and Ourangof the learned Anatomist of Harvard Uni- outang so as to allow of the spreading and versity, would make the uninformed and want of continuity of the incisors, with credulous reader believe that there existed respect to each other and to the canines, such similarity between the skull of the widely distinguishes between the skulls of negro and Ourang-outang, as to degrade the these animals, and those of any of the huone to the brute, or elevate the other to the man races.' human. But little truth or force is contained in the Examine the heads of a European and a argument drawn from the formation of the

I have not the work of Dr. Lawrence before me, but I have taken the above enumeration from a quotation, by Smyth, in his work on the Unity of the human races, vide, chapter on Anthropology.

VOL. XX-84

pelvis. Prof. Webster resolves the formations of the pelvis into four varieties-viz : the oval, the round, the square, and the ob

* Martin's Natural History of Mammiferous Animals.

long; each particular type of which finds its breeders, bad nurses, liable to abortions, and analogies in all races of mankind.

These facts are sufficient without going into more extensive detail or further argument to prove the untenability of the doctrine of the diversity of the races, as far as light and truth are reflected from a view of comparative anatomy.

Nothing has yet been ascertained, that will connect man with any other family of animals, and the much relied upon argument of the diversity of form among the different nations of the earth, falis to the ground, when a truthful examination of the diversity of the forms of different nations, proves each peculiarity traceable to local causes-such as climate, habit, and customs; or a closer examination has often found that the different formations, ascribed to the inhabitants of different parts of the globe, are analogous among every people.

Another argument the distinguished authors of the "Types of Mankind" advance in support of their theory, is drawn from the "Hybridity of Animals," as is contended for in Chap. XII.

that their children generally die young." If this be so, and it is sustained by an experience of "almost fifty years' residence among the black and white races," it would appear that hybrids are not infertile in the sense meant by naturalists, or that the doctor is caught in the dilemma of proving by his long "experience," that the issue of two dis tinct species is not a hybrid; this is inevita ble from the doctor's seven propositions, and is all sufficient to prove that the mulatto is not a hybrid.

It is not necessary to our present purpose to go into an examination of the lower ani mals to discuss this question.

The fact of issue to an unascertainable degree from the mulatto, is enough to prove that they are not hybrids, and this same fact proves, according to the opinion of nearly every distinguished naturalist, if not every one, that the negro and the white are not distinct species, for if they were, how is it to be accounted for that the mulatto, who ought to be a hybrid, and consequently barren, yet breeds, that their issue continues to breed, All naturalists agree in reference to the though the doctor may have found from fifty infertility of hybrids. Dr. Nott, the able years experience that they are bad breeders. and learned contributor of the chapter on It is the observation of the most eminent the Hybridity of Animals, viewed in con-naturalists of America, and inferior to none nection with Mankind," likewise published in the world, "That nature will perpetuate in 1842 a short essay on Hybridity," the ob- varieties, for this is in accordance with her ject of which was to prove that the white operations; but refuses to multiply hybrids, man and the negro were distinct species." for this is contrary to her laws." It will be observed that it is not contended And it may be asked in the language of by Dr. Nott, that the issue of the white and the same distinguished author, "Why all the black are hybrids; his seven propositions all varieties of men are found to produce fertile tend to show that the product which he calls new races, whilst we discover that when we mulattoes are delicate, bad breeders, and have associate two true species of other animals, an early tendency to decay. There is some their products are hybrids, and incapable of confusion in ascertaining the exact views of perpetuating a race?" On the other hand it the author upon this point. He evidently may be said, and upon the same authority, thinks the negro and the white, distinct than which there is none higher, Dr. Back"species;" he will at the same time acknow- man, that there is no case on record where ledge, as virtually he does, that a hybrid is an animal, or plant, produced from the mixture of two species; this is the definition of Lee and Martyn, and the one adopted by Webster. He believes also that hybrids are infertile; yet he has laboured to show that the issue of these two distinct species, hybrids, as he believes them, "are," to quote his own words, in his fourth proposition, "bad

a single new race of animal or bird has sprung from an association of two different species. It must be apparent to all unprejudiced minds, that the facts are entirely in favor of the oneness of the human race, and it is a matter of surprise how this argument could have been started by our opponents. And we are compelled to conclude, since the law

* Dr. Backman.

of nature has made the union of all differ-1

་་

ted."’†

The subject of the affiliation of languages has been one of vast study, and the connection which exists, proven by the similarity of

We cannot more appropriately close this branch of our subject, than by the following extract from an elegant foreign writer, though now domesticated in one of our Universities.

Ethnography has furnished conclusive ev ent species hybrids, that man, uniting with idence that the family of American languathose of all parts of the world, producing ages, had a common origin with that of Asia. race and a people, that breed and raise All dialects are to be considered as diahealthy offspring, can exist but as a unit. lects of one now lost."* In looking to the philology of the differ- "The universal affinity of languages is ent types of mankind, a flood of light is placed in so strong a light, that it must be poured upon this question by the science of considered by all as completely demonstracomparative philosophy,-from which we are taught the unity of language as springing from a common fountain head. We can not enter into a discussion of this science, at this time, yet we propose making a sufficient words, and the grammatical structure of lanuse of it to convince our readers, from the guages, leaves scarcely a doubt upon this facts gathered by distinguished linguists, that question. the various languages spoken by mankind, bear that analogy one to the other, which must convince us that one language was the dialect of the world; this is taught by the inspired word; and the learning of the present day "The opinion is gaining ground, that all strengthens the belief, if there are any to the various languages of the earth, emanadoubt the Word of God. Every step of the ting from one common source, extend, like rapid development of this science adds new the harmonious works of nature, in all diproof of the common origin of languages. rections, exhibiting not only great idioms Look to the construction of every language: which may form a general language unknown we find it with its verbs, nouns, adjectives, to the human ear, but intelligible to him who and other parts of speech, each having the understands all, but also particular languages same relations to sentences in one language diversified by provincial dialects, and still that they have in another. Look to the more minutely subdivided by peculiarities adaptation of words to things; in every lan- expressive, in each individual, of his charguage we see the most striking evidences of acter, and varying with the periods of his similarity-but above all, the many languages life and the changes of his mind. that exist may all be traced to the same common origin by the similarity of words, and wherever man exists it is used as the same instruments of thought.

"This diversity is, however, restricted. by the fact that man, notwithstanding the great variety of his fate, much that is identical, or, at least, corresponding, and necessarily in the most important points, common to all races.

"The history of all nations follows, in its great outlines, the same course of development and decay, and a similar rule in the history of languages.

Language, then, every where, and in all cases, proves demonstrably the existence of the same human nature in all who possess it."* "The fact that every language of civilized man comprises a large class of words and phrases dependent one upon another for their meaning, and related closely or remotely to a certain property or function of human nature, and which terms he can by no means dispense with in describing man, as he is distinguished from the terrestrial orders around him, this fact attaching universally to the It would be an interesting topic to show vehicle of thought, affords all the proof which the unity of the races, from the insensible a strict logic would grant of such an identity."+

Smyth, p. 203.

Isaac Taylor. Responsibility of Man. p. 4.

"This resemblance becomes the more striking, the more languages are contempla. ted simultaneously, and the points they have in common become more numerous as we learn more of them."

* Petersburg Academy.

+ Klaproth.

Introduction to Comparative Philology by De Vere,

p 15.

gradations of their varieties, and also to trace | ous in their nudity, and of yore from these the origin of the varieties of the human spe- luxuriant breasts, water flowed abundantly. cies, but the length of this essay prevents. These fair syrens are the twin-sisters of the It has been the purpose of the writer to Sabines of Florence. But in what place then treat this subject with the dignity and res-are we, and who can tell us the name of this pect it and also the distinguished and able strange town! Behold Palaces of the thirauthors of the work before us deserve; and teenth century! An ancient prison, such as we regret to say that the diligent research of the Italian Republics loved to erect and to years which it has received, is enough to fill! See the Hotel de Ville, appropriate make it at once an influential, as well as structure for old Cardinals, the toothless dangerous production.

Governors of the Holy Father, wont to asLet us pause long and cautiously before cend the stair-way on their mules;-farther we yield assent to a doctrine as inhuman as onward, obscured by the shade of the arit is unphilosophical, which sunders the com- cades, observe antiquated mansions of nomon tie of human sympathy-which binds bles, constructed by no less an architect than man to his fellow man;-whilst now the the great Palladio, rich walls that might be most distant inhabitants of earth may look taken for Genoese! What then is this sad upon each other not only with a brother's and silent town, which thus conceals her forlove, but feel the mutual obligations that a tune, her beauty and her origin ? There ex world-wide brotherhood places upon them, hales an overpowering, nauseous kind of inas they kneel at a common altar, and wor- describable odor of theology and atticism. ship the one, true and living God, who looks of poesy and withered chaplets, of the Liupon the inhabitants of the earth as of "one blood," whilst he is the God of the spirits

of all flesh."

THE CEMETERY AND THE CONCERT.

Translated from the French of Jules Janin.

BY MRS. M. HARRISON ROBINSON.

brary and Museum,-of love and the Cemetery, which no Poet can define. Ah, this is not Florence, intoxicated with the dregs of her noble passions! Nor is it ancient Pisa, redolent of rich paintings; neither is it Genoa the opulent, glittering with splendor. in default of genius, courage and liberty;this is a pedantic, disdainful ruin resembling none others in Italy. In fine, we have unconsciously entered that old Universitarian city, called Bologna, which alone has used more antiquated parchments, palettes, ink. pulpits and Doctors' caps than any of the

turns, swept the Church, the Amphitheatre, the school and the Museum! The atmosphere savors, at once, of blood, oil, turpentine and incense.

Plunged in a reverie of Florence, I found myself within a singular town, which I wish to describe before naming it. Slowly pene- Italian cities, a stately shred which has, by trating a long street, encompassed by sombre arcades, in not a house of which appears an open door or window, the inhabitants gliding like shadows rather than walking underneath these illimitable arcades, we reached The past life of this inert town is almost the foot of a tower inclining over the town, fabulous-she has attempted every thing, without having heard a sound save the drum ; even magic :-to-day, without a voice to lafor citizens, encountering only armed sol- ment her fate, she once spake to infernal diers, who themselves obey a foreigner; at spirits. The first time a corpse was dissectthe entrance of the Custom-House rises a ed to learn, in the entrails of the dead, the tomb designed by Giulio Romano, and on that sacred stone tranquilly sits the officer.

secrets of the living, both corpse and physi cian were of Bologna. The first Chair of In a corner of this place, a sculptor, who Theology was erected there, and far in adwas assuredly a great master, has, in times vance of the rest of Italy, she taught law. long past, constructed a fountain of Neptune logic, astronomy, Hebrew, Syriac, Greek and encircled by sirens. The god is without Arabic. These learned walls still recal drapery, the women around him are beaute- their ancient destination: the air is charged

with science, the pavement of the streets is | Theatre, or even a Cathedral, may die and impregnated with it, and the very houses be effaced from the bosom of nations, I can wear a pedantic mien. How great must easily conceive;-I can imagine Pisa deserthave been the tumult, when this immense ed, Florence silent, Genoa abandoned, Veschool was filled, when, day by day, that nice depopulated; these ruins are logical; army of Professors and pupils abandoned they simply obey that law of God and man themselves freely to that puissant dialectic, which decrees that sooner or later great monwhich was to engender so many ideas and so uments turn to decay, but a deserted, silent, many parodoxes! A distinct town, while motionless school-that is incomprehensible combat raged around her, she was absorbed to me.

in study, calm amidst conflicts; to the sanc- I have no wish here to revolutionise tuary of her walls, came the young man and Italy and subvert her foundations, but where the hoary sage, away from the clang of would be the evil, were the rulers of this arms, to learn belles-lettres or revive their captive land to enfranchise a place of a few memory. It was then a kind of neutral square leagues, that, there, youth might inground, which art and science had reserved dulge freely in study, and fearlessly abanfar from the battle-field,-upon which none don themselves to the utmost entrancement intruded, with lance or sword. of science and belles-lettres, that sweet,

The farther we advance into Italy, the useful, admirable, and innocent delirium ? more striking is this speciality of the cities. And, since this town of Bologna isolated Each has in the beginning adopted a pas- herself in the height of civil wars to cultision, a purpose, and mode of life, faithfully vate philosophy, medicine, theology, scienpursued to the end. One is, by nature, ces which specially demand freedom, why commercial; another, warlike; this early de- not now isolate the Academy of Bologna, velopes a passion for rich palaces; that for that once in life the youthful intellects of gorgeous Museums; some, like fair co- Italy may realize even their most glowing quettes, are enamored of jewels, and silver dreams? How noble then such a town, plate, beautiful robes of silk and gold; others noisy from thought and toil, as are the other emulous of the most splendid, chiselled ar- cities of Italy from inaction and pleasure! mor; these rear fortresses; those sumptuous The peaceful gardens of the Athenian Acadpalaces; some are distinguished by the mag-emy, the porticos of Rome in the reign of nificence of their villas; others, estray Cicero, nor the bowers of Sallust could then daughters of the Emperors, love the Circus, compare with this free Italian Bologna ;-it Theatre or Public Baths; many piously ruin is the only means remaining to Italy of posthemselves to erect Churches, Cathedrals, sessing a school, honored among others of and Chapels; a small number is devoted to Europe; the only means of reducing to literary research, abandoned, body and soul, profitable subordination, by affording them a to science, acknowledging for King, Aristo- pleasant outlet of a few years, all those turtle or Plato. What constitutes the glory of bulent young spirits, who go afar into other Florence is, that she cultivated simultaneous- lands, gathering indifferently and at random ly all the noble inspirations, which were dis- the multiform doctrines that subvert thrones; tinctive among other Italian cities; at once thus, placed as she is, in the centre of Italy, a Cathedral, a citadel, a counting-house, a Bologna would be the seat of refreshment Museum, a library and a school; as the lat- and repose. Her doors, open to all the dister, however, she has been far behind Bolog- contented and harmless spirits only occupied na, the only instance in which she has been in imaginary complaints, Bologna would thus vanquished by an Italian town, a great honor become the resort of turbulent poets, demoto the victor. cratic advocates, revolted Catholics, of all But alas! whither now has flown all that innocent Utopia-makers;-she alone living science? Wherefore is this school deserted? in the midst of these dead towns, active Perchance there was here not enough of air, among inert populations, controversial while space, life, in other words, of liberty! That a they remained passively obedient; she would town, which is no more than a Museum, or completely recal the Bologna of the fourteenth