CONTENTS.

1

CHAPTER I.

PROPERTIES OF MATTER.

Specific gravity of gases and vapours, 1-Exercises-Expansion of

matter by heat, 5-Correction of gases for temperature, 12—

Exercises-Compressibility of matter, 16-Elasticity of matter,

25-Correction of gases for pressure, 42-Exercises-Liquefaction,

43-Vaporization, 45-Correction of gases for the tension of

aqueous vapour, 80.-Exercises.

-Pages 1 to 42

.

CHAPTER II.

LAW OF VOLUMES.

Combination by volume, 84-Exercises-Monatomic and diatomic

gases, 90-Exercises-Table of the specific gravities and atomic

numbers of the gaseous and vapourizable elements, 94-Table of

the specific gravities and atomic numbers of the vapours of some

of the non-vapourizable elements, calculated from some of their

gaseous compounds, 100-The different standards adopted for the

atomic volumes of substances, 101-Exercises-The mode of calcu-

lating the atomic measure and specific gravity of substances, 111

-The views of Berzelius and Gerhardt on volume combinations,

113-Density of vapours, 123-Gay Lussac's method, 125-Dumas'

method, 128-Application of a knowledge of the specific gravity of

the vapour to control the analysis of a substance, 131-Exercises-

Buoyancy of the air, 137-Weight of a body in air, 138-Density

of gases, Regnault's method, 144-Bunsen's method, 150-Exer-

cises-Gas analysis, 156-Exercises-Application of vapour den-

sities, 170.
Pages 42 to 97

CHAPTER III.

MOLECULAR ATOMS.

Views hitherto held on the constitution of the elemental bodies, 176--

Brodie's views, 177-An even number of atoms of an element

required in many chemical combinations, 186-Synthesis of par-

ticles of the same element in opposite polar conditions, 187-The

molecular and elementary atoms possess different properties, 191-

Allotropic modifications of the elements, 192-Brodie's views upon

allotropism, 192-Nascent state of the elements, 195-Ozone and

its formation, 196-The existence of molecular atoms of the com-

pound radicals, 197.
Pages 97 to 122

CHAPTER IV.

NUMERICAL RELATIONS OF EQUIVALENT NUMBERS-BINARY

THEORY OF SALTS.

Numerical relations of equivalent numbers, 213-The views of Prout,

Thomson, and Dumas, on the atomic weights of bodies, 213-The

views of Berzelius and Stas on the atomic weights of bodies, 218-

Binary theory of salts, 219-Facts which appear to support the

binary view, 221-Both views of the constitution of salts hypothe-

tical, 227-Objections to the binary theory, 227-Exercises, 229.

Pages 123 to 133

CHAPTER V.

POLYMORPHISM-PSEUDOMORPHISM-ISOMORPHISM.

Dimorphism, 230-Trimorphism, 231-Influence of heat in causing

bodies to crystallize in one system or another, 233-The different

crystalline forms of the same substance not of equal stability, 234

-Examples-Isodimorphism, 235-Examples-The same sub-

stance in its different crystalline forms differs in its physical cha-

racters, 236-Examples-List of dimorphous bodies, 237-Pseudo-

morphism, 238-The process by which pseudomorphs are produced,

240 Isomorphism, 243-Behaviour of two or more non-isomor-

phous crystalline substances in the same solution during crystal-

lization, 244-Behaviour of two or more isomorphous crystalline

substances in solution during crystallization, 246-Intromixture of

isomorphous substances in minerals, 249-Table of some of the

most important groups of isomorphous substances, 251-Graham's

opinion upon the isomorphous relations of water, 252-Scheerer's

view upon the isomorphous relations of water, 253-Polymeric

isomorphism, 254-The method for deducing the rational formula

for compounds containing isomorphous constituents, 255-System

of notation employed in mineralogical works, 259-Exercises-The

different reasons which have been suggested in explanation of the

phenomena of isomorphism, 261-Kopp's view that isomorphous

bodies have the same equivalent volume, 263-Some of the views

held upon bodies with like forms but unlike constitutions, 265-

The chief points which have been brought before the notice of the

student, 266-Aid derived from isomorphism in determining equi-

valents, 268.
· Pages 134 to 163

CHAPTER VI.

ATOMIC WEIGHTS OF THE ELEMENTS - THE CONSTITUTION OF

COMPOUND BODIES-THE MEANING OF CHEMICAL FORMULE.

Classification of the elements, 269-Equivalents, 271- Atomic

weights, 276-Arguments for doubling the atomic weight of oxygen,

&c. 282-Arguments against doubling the atomic weight of oxygen,

&c. 330-The different views which have been and are held on the

constitution of compounds, 338. The unitary system, 358-Wil

liamson's reasons for considering that many bodies are formed on

the type of water, 373-The different views which have been and

are held on the constitution of the alcohols and ethers, and the

different theories of etherification, 374-The different views which

have been and are held on the constitution of ammonia, 396-

Double decomposition regarded as the type of chemical action in

general, 419-The meaning of formulæ, 420-The same body can

have more than one rational formula, 422-Molecular types, 426-

Equivalent values of radicals, 438-Equivalent notation, 446-

Conjugate radicals, 447-Gerhardt's system of classification, 451-

Table of the classification of bodies according to their chemical

functions.

· Pages 164 to 252

CHAPTER VII.

HYDROGEN TYPE SIMPLE MOLECULE (HH).

Positive Group.-Hydrides of metals, 456-Metals proper, 457-

Alcoholic hydrides, and alcoholic metals of the first class, 460-

Preparation of the hydrides, 464-Properties of the hydrides, 465——

Preparation of the alcohol metals, 466-Properties of the alcohol

metals, 467-Mixed alcoholic metals, 469-Second class of alcohol

radicals, their preparation and properties, 470-The third class,

472-The preparation of the hydrides, 473-The properties of the

hydrides, 475.

Negative Group.-Acid radicals, 477-Constitution of the aldehydes,

178-Preparation of the aldehydes of the first class, 484-Their

properties, 487-Preparation of the aldehydes of the second class,

494 Their properties, 495 -Preparation of the aldehydes of the

third class, 497-Their properties, 498 Properties of the aldehydes

of the fourth class, 503-Preparation of the aldehydes of the fifth

class, 505-Their properties, 506-Constitution of the ketones,

507-Their preparation, 508-Exercise. -Pages 253 to 269

DOUBLE MOLECULE (H,, H,).

Positive Group.-Hydrides of metals, 514-Metals proper, 515-

Constitution of the radicals of the biatomic alcohols, 516-Their

preparation, 522-Their properties, 525- Compounds of metals

with monatomic radicals, 529.

Negative Group.-Biatomic non-metallic elements, 533-Aldehydes

of the bibasic mineral acids.

Pages 269 to 276

TREBLE MOLECULE (H,, H,).

Positive Group.-Hydrides of metals, 534-Metals proper, 535-

Compounds of triatomic metals with monatomic radicals, 537.

Negative Group.-Hydrides of negative or acid metals, 538.

QUADRUPLE MOLECULE (H., H.).

The members composing this class, 540.

B.-On the atomic weights of the elements.

Pages 276 to 278

Page 278

APPENDIX A.-Homologous bodies-Isologous bodies. APPENDIX

Pages 278 to 284

CHAPTER VIII.

H

WATER TYPE-SIMPLE MOLECULE, H 0.

Positive Group.-Hydrates of the metals proper, 543-Anhydrous

oxides, 545-The sulphides, &c., of the metals proper, 546-Exer-

cise-Basic derivatives of ammonia constructed on the water type,

547-Exercises-Phosphoniums, arsoniums, stiboniums, 552

Exercise The bodies termed alcohols defined, 553-The bodies

termed ethers defined, 554- Preparation of alcohols of the first

class, 557-Substitution of the typical hydrogen in the alcohols by

other radicals, 565-Substitution of the oxygen in the alcohols by

sulphur, &c., 566-Action of oxygen on the alcohols, 568-Action

of potash on the alcohols, 569-Action of sulphuric acid, 570-

Action of some acids and salts, 571-Preparation of the first class

of ethers, 573-Substitution of sulphur for the oxygen in ethers, 576

-Substitution of chlorine for the hydrogen in ethers, 578-Exer-

cises-Preparation of the alcohols of the second class, 580-Their

properties, 582-Substitution of other bodies for their typical hydro-

gen, 583-Substitution of sulphur for their oxygen, 584-Prepara-

tion of the first group of the third class of alcohol radicals, 586-

Replacement of their typical hydrogen, 588-Action of sulphuric

acid upon the alcohols, 591-Action of ammonia upon the alcohols,

593-Preparation of the alcohols of the second group, 594-Action

of oxidizing agents upon them, 596-Fourth class of alcohols, 597

-Fifth class of alcohols, 598-Exercises.

Negative Group.-Basicity of acids, 600-Mineral acids, 611-General

properties of the monobasic organic acids, 612-Formation of the

monobasic organic acids of the first class, 616-Replacement of

their typical hydrogen, 632-Preparation and properties of the acid

anhydrides, 642-Replacement of the oxygen in the acids proper

and the anhydrides by sulphur, &c., 648-Method of Heintz for the

separation of the fatty acids, 652-Liebig's method, 655-Determina-

tion of the melting point of fusible organic bodies, 661-Properties

of the organic acids of the second class, 663-Properties of the

organic acids of the third class, 677-Properties of the organic acids

of the fourth class, 682-Replacement of the hydrogen in the acids

by other radicals, 684-Oxidation of these acids, 692-The changes

they undergo by distillation, 693-Properties of the fifth class of

acids, 696-Properties of the sixth class of acids, 699. APPENDIX C.

-Peroxides of acetyl, &c., 705. Definition of an oxygen salt, 706

-Sulphur salts, 708-Salts of the monobasic inorganic acids-

. Exercises-Salts of the monobasicorga- ic acids, 709-Exercise-De-

finition of compound ethers, 710-General properties of compound

ethers, 711-Their preparation, 714-Exercise-Monamidic acids,

716-Formation of secondary monamidi acids, 718-Exercise-

Formation of tertiary monamidic acids, 7-3-Exercise.

Pages 284 to 336

Positive Group.-Hydrates of the metals proper, 727-Metals proper,

728-The basic derivatives of ammonium constructed on the type

of a double molecule, 733-Exercise Physical properties of the

glycols, 734-Their preparation, 737-Replacement of their typical

hydrogen by other electro-positive bodies, 739-Replacement by

electro-negative bodies, 741--Action of chloride of zinc on the

glycols, 748-Formation of the ethers of the glycols, 749-Their

oxidation, 755-Conversion of these biatomic alcohols into mon-

atomic ones, 762-Action of fused potash on the glycols, 765.

APPENDIX D.-Polyethylenic bodies, 766. APPENDIX E.-Com-

bination of the aldehydes with electro-negative radicals, 779.

Negative Group.-General properties of the biatomic acids, 787-

Bibasic inorganic acids, 794-General properties of the biatomic

organic acids, 795-First class, 797-Basicity of lactic acid, 797—

Formation of this class of acids, 805-Action of monobasic acids

upon them, 807-Acids of the second class, 811-Their physical

properties, 813-Their preparation, 814-Acids of the third class,

816-Their preparation, 817-Acids of the fourth class, 821-Their

preparation, 822-Salts of the bibasic acids, 823-Exercises-Bi-

atomic ethers, 825-General properties of these ethers, 825-

Exercise.

Pages 336 to 367

TREBLE MOLECULE, H}0,.

Positive Group.-Hydrates of the metals proper, 831-Anhydrous

oxides, 832-Teratomic alcohols, 834-Their properties, 835-Their

preparation, 838 Substitution of the halogens for their typical

hydrogen, 841-Formation of acids by the combination of glyce

rine with polyatomic acid radicals, 855-Substitution of monatomic

alcohol radicals for the hydrogen, 859-Substitution of oxygen for

some of the hydrogen in the radical, 860-Formation of glycera-

mine, 865-Transformation of glycerine into propyl-glycol, 866—

Decomposition of glycerine by potash, 867-Exercise. APPENDIX

F.-Polyglycerines, 869.

Negative Group.-Triatomic acids, 871-Their general properties,

872-List of triatomic mineral acids, 877-Triatomic organic acids

of the first class, 879-Of the second class, 880-Of the fourth

class, 881-Exercise.

-Pages 368 to 379

HYDROCHLORIC ACID TYPE-SIMPLE MOLECULE (HCl).
Positive Group.-Chlorides of the positive metals, 896-Chlorides,
&c., of the mon-onium bodies, 898-Exercises-Decomposition by
heat of these bodies, 899-Exercise-Chlorides, &c., of the alcohol
radicals of the first class; the preparation of the chlorides, 903-
Properties of the chlorides, 905-Preparation of the bromides, 908
-Properties of the bromides, 909-Preparation of the iodides, 910