causes turbidity in beer. The same applies also to three forms observed by Lasché in America, which are said to cause a bad smell and taste in beer. They are said, moreover, to produce alcohol in wort. Lafar has described an allied species which forms acetic acid in beer.

These forms are easily obtained if beer or wine is allowed to remain at a temperature of 10° C. with a free supply of air.

Mycoderma vini, Desm. (Fig. 120), is very nearly related to, or is probably identical with, the above species; it forms the film of wines. This film can become over 1 cm. thick. The fungus acts, like the other species, as an oxidising agent on the alcohol in the wine, forming carbonic acid

FIG. 120.-Mycoderma vini, Desm. About $19. (After Wortmann.)

and water. It can also attack other constituents of the wine. By decomposing a part of the free acid it favours the growth of acetic acid bacteria, and consequently the production of a vinegar taint. Wortmann states that this fungus can also influence directly the flavour of a wine.

Forti mentions a Mycoderma species which has a detrimental influence on yeast in wine.

W. Seifert has made complete experiments with two related forms isolated from red wine, which he names Mycoderma vini I. and II.

The cells of Mycoderma vini I. are 3 to 10 μu long, and 2 to 4 μ broad. The films are smooth at first, later strongly wrinkled, coherent and grayish-white. The temperature limits for growth in wine with 8 vol. per cent. of added alcohol are: Maximum, 30° C.; optimum, 25° to 28° C.;

and minimum, 5 to 6° C. This species grows even in the presence of 12-2 vol. per cent. of alcohol, and vigorously attacks malic acid. In an artificial culture liquid (Pasteur's solution) containing malic acid and 4-8 vol. per cent. of alcohol, it formed 0.152 per cent. of glycerine in fourteen weeks; at the same time the whole of the alcohol had disappeared. In ordinary Austrian white wine it increased the amount of glycerine (0-68 per cent. to 0.82 per cent.), formed acetic acid (0-904 per cent.), and reduced the amount of alcohol (7·8 to 3·8 vol. per cent.) in twenty-six days.

Mycoderma vini II. differs from the above species in having temperature limits for its growth in wine with 8 per cent. of alcohol as follows: Maximum, 28° to 30° C.; optimum, 22° C.; and minimum, 1° to 2° C. This fungus attacks malic acid only to a small extent. In the culture solution referred to above, it only formed 0.016 per cent. of glycerine after fourteen weeks, and at the same time the amount of alcohol was only lowered from 4.8 to 4.1 vol. per cent.

No increase of glycerine was effected in white wine after twenty-six

FIG. 121.-Monilia candida (Bonorden), Hansen. Sedimentary yeast. Vacuoles with refractive granules occur in some of the cells. 1999. (After Hansen.)

days, only 0064 per cent. of acetic acid was formed, and the alcohol was only reduced from 7·8 to 6-8 vol. per cent.

Tartaric acid is practically not attacked by either species, and citric acid not at all. The glycerine and acetic acid formed are gradually used up again.

Monilia candida (Bonorden), Hansen.

This fungus (Figs. 121, 122 and 123) is generally found in nature on fresh cow dung and on fruit. The following investigations described are due to Hansen:

In nutrient liquids containing sugar this fungus quickly develops a growth of Saccharomyces-like cells, in which vacuoles with one or two strongly refractive granules frequently occur (Fig. 121). When such a culture is allowed

to remain some time the cells become elongated, and there results finally a complete mycelium, a mealy, white, tufted growth of mould which forms chains of yeast-cell conidia or divides into members like Oidium (Fig. 123, d). This growth also appears on solid culture media.

When young and vigorous cells of this species are seeded in a fermentable nutrient solution, e.g., beer wort, a rapid and vigorous fermentation like a top fermentation is effected; even while the bubbles are rising a film forms on their surface. When the frothing has finished, the film gradually extends over the whole surface; during this pro

39000

FIG. 122.-Monilia candida (Bonorden), Hansen. Cells derived from a young film growth. (The shining granules appearing in Fig. 121 are not shown here.) 1909. (After Hansen.)

cess the large film-covered air bubbles gradually burst, and often cause folding of the film. If old cells are seeded the film forms before there is any perceptible macroscopic sign of fermentation. In wort after sixteen days this species formed 1.1 vol. per cent. of alcohol; after nine and a half months, 6.5 vol. per cent.; and after twenty-six months, 6.7 vol. per cent. After this time the maximum had been reached and the cells were dead. It formed 5.5 vol. per cent. of alcohol in 15 per cent. dextrose-yeast-water in fourteen days at 25° C.; in a 10 per cent. saccharose solution in twenty days, 07 vol. per cent. of alcohol; in six months, 3 vol. per cent.; and in twenty-seven months,

FIG. 123.-Monilia candida (Bonorden), Hansen. Mould growth from an old culture. a, Chains of more or less thread-shaped cells; at each node a whorl of oval-shaped yeast cells often occurs. b, The same form, but without oval yeast cells. e, Typical mycelium with septa. d, Oidium-like cells. e, Pearshaped cells. f, Lemon-shaped cells. 1902. (After Hansen.)

The

4.9 vol. per cent. The cells were then still alive. The fermentation proceeded very slowly in these cases. fungus withstands high temperatures, e.g., it ferments vigorously at 40° C. In wort, the temperature limits are 42° to 43° C. and 6° to 4° C.

It is a remarkable circumstance that in the fermentation of the saccharose solution neither invertase nor invert sugar could be detected. Consequently the vigorous fermentation generated in the saccharose solution by Monilia candida must be quite unique, because saccharose was only known to be fermented after previous inversion. The invertase not being detectable by existing chemical methods, it follows that the fermentation must be regarded as a direct one. Nevertheless, Hansen indicated the possibility that the inversion takes place inside the cells and that the invert sugar produced is fermented as soon as it is formed. E. Fischer and P. Lindner by grinding the cells have recently discovered an invertase insoluble in water, i.e., a ferment which is closely connected with the plasma of the cell. At the same time they found that this species contains maltase. According to Bau the fungus can ferment diastase dextrin.

Monilia javanica, Went and Prinsen Geerligs, occurs in "Raggi," which is applied in the manufacture of arrack in Java (see p. 260). On solutions containing sugar this species forms a film, which, however (and this distinguishes it from the previous species), disappears as soon as fermentation begins. It further differs from M. candida in that it inverts saccharose in the usual way, and the latter is then fermented; it also ferments dextrose, levulose, maltose and raffinose. When 5 per cent. of alcohol has been formed, growth and fermentation cease. The alcohol it produces has an unpleasant smell and taste.

A Monilia species has been described by Forti which has a detrimental influence on the yeast in wine.

Chalara mycoderma, Cienkowski.

Like Monilia, this fungus (Figs. 124 and 125) forms a film on liquids; it is composed of a branched mycelium which abstricts here and there globular or oval, but seldom