DARWIN ANTICIPATED (7th S. xi. 185).—As a pendant to L. L. K.'s quotation from Thomas Herbert, who wrote in 1634, I would call attention to a passage in 'Hudibras' which, though later in the same century, appears to me to be a more complete anticipation of Darwin, inasmuch as it comprehends the whole human race, whereas that of Thomas Herbert only refers to a tribe of African savages. The passage I refer to is Part II., canto i.:

For some philosophers of late here
Write, men have four legs by nature,
And that 'tis custom makes them go
Erroneously upon but two.

My copy of Hudibras' is dated 1678, and
appears to be a second edition, the title-page stating
it to be "By the Author of the First, Corrected and
Amended."
G. WATSON.
Penrith.

WILLIAM HUNNIS (7th S. xi. 147).—I bought

the 'Life and Death of Joseph' of Bull & Auvache. MRS. C. C. STOPES can see it if she wishes. HENRY JOHN ATKINSON.

COLOGNE CATHEDRAL (7th S. xi. 227).-It depends on what is meant by "actually finished." When I was last there (August 22, 1888) I made the following notes in my diary:

"Men with hammers and chisels corduroying the fourteenth century columns in transept, and they are laying modern polished marble pavements, which at first sight look like Minton's tiles...... Ticket costs 13 mk., which I would not mind so much if I was sure it did not go to the ' restoration.'......Noise of chiselling re-echoed through the whole building, except during the principal mass, for which there was a truce of an hour."

the apostles, and Mr. Nelson being probably a very fair authority on the subject, as he was himself a member of the society, I give below from his list such names as have not already appeared in N. & Q.':-Thomas Ainger, of Trinity; Edward Baines, of Christ's; Richard Nelson Barnes, of Pembroke, vicar of Kingsclere, Hants, 1849; Arthur Buller, of Trinity (query Sir Arthur William Buller, died April 30, 1869); William Gifford Cookesley, of King's, vicar of Hayton, Yorkshire, 1857; James Farish, of Trinity; James Furnival, of Queen's (query P.C. of St. Helen's, Lancashire 1836); Frederick Malkin, of Trinity; Arthur Martineau, of Trinity, vicar of Whitkirk, Yorkshire, 1838; Alexander James William Morrison, of Trinity, incumbent of Broad Town, Wilts, died August 6, 1865; William O'Brien, of Trinity; Edward O'Brien, of Trinity; Percival Andree Picking, of Trinity; Alfred Power, of Downing; John Punnett, of Clare, vicar of St. Erth, Cornwall, 1833, died November 15, 1863; Edward Romilly, of Trinity Hall (query chairman of Board of Audit, died October 12, 1870); Henry Romilly, of Christ's (query brother of Edward Romilly, born October 21, 1805); Charles John Stock, of Trinity; Thomas Sunderland, of Trinity; Robert James Tennant, of Trinity.

For nearly all the above information I am indebted to the Rev. Charles Hobbes Rice, rector of

Cheam, Surrey.

GEORGE C. BOASE. 36, James Street, Buckingham Gate, S.W.

FREDERICK HOWARD, FIFTH EARL OF CARLISLE (7th S. viii. 208, 331).—It may not be improper to add the following extract from Lord Byron's 'English Bards and Scotch Reviewers,' second edition, 1809, p. 71, foot-note :

a

"It may be asked why I have censured the Earl of Carlisle, my guardian and relative, to whom I dedicated volume of puerile poems a few years ago. The guardianship was nominal, at least as far as I have been able to discover; the relationship I cannot help, and am very sorry for it; but as his Lordship seemed to forget it on a very essential occasion to me, I shall not burthen my memory with the recollection......I have heard that some persons conceive me to be under obligations to Lord Carlisle; if so, I shall be most particularly happy to learn what they are, and when conferred, that they may be duly appreciated, and publicly acknowledged." DANIEL HIPWELL.

34, Myddelton Square, Clerkenwell.

OXGANG (7th S. viii. 407, 457; ix. 134, 234, 391; xi. 135, 216).-When MR. R. W. GILLESPIE gives us his data for suggesting, in opposition to established authority and to the very meaning of the word, that oxgang was not used as a measure of land, as much land as an ox can cultivate in the year, it will be time enough to consider his views. But we are not likely to have much to do if the data are not more to the point than those on the strength of which he further asserts that the oxgang does not necessarily mean arable land."

This he infers from a statement in the 'Pleader's Dictionary' that "by the grant of an oxgang of land may pass Meadow and Pasture." Why, the very meaning of this is that the oxgang was arable land, with which, on occasion, land other than arable-to wit, meadow and pasture was thrown in, allowed to "pass." When Blackstone (ii. 18, 19) says that if a man grants all his lands the houses on them "pass with them," surely MR. GILLESPIE would not ask us to conclude that the land came, therefore, any nearer being of the nature of a house? When Mr. Pike observes that "the villein regardant passed with the manor, and he was not necessarily mentioned in the conveyance" ('Hist. of Crime in England,' i. 326), are we for a moment to suppose that the learned author suggests that a manor is not always necessarily land, and may sometimes be of the nature of a villein? THOMAS J. EWING.

Leamington.

66

A FEW SEVERAL (7th S. xi. 107).—I remember at about six years of age asking my nurse what "several" meant. Her reply was. well, somewhat more than a 'few.'" With the energy of childhood I persisted in requiring something more definite, till at last I got her to say "several" meant "about six or seven," and a "few" meant "about three or four." I have through life found those definitions apply very sufficiently in most

I have always been taught that "several" denotes a greater number than "few," and that "several" must mean nine at least, inasmuch as St. Peter speaks of "few, that is eight " (1 Epis., iii. 20). Q. V. HYGIENE (7th S. xi. 186).—The use of this word is earlier than 1787, though I cannot say when it was first introduced. John Ash's 'Dictionary,' 1775, has :-" Hygieine, that part of medicine which prescribes rules for the preservation of health.-Dict. of Arts."" Hygieina is given in Phillips's New World of Words,' ed. 1720, and also in 'Glossographia Anglicana Nova,' 1707.

F. C. BIRKBECK TERRY.

LORD TENNYSON'S BIRTHDAY (7th S. xi. 201). -C. J. C. says, "The only figure open to doubt is that of the date of the birth," &c., and that "he believes it to be August 6, 1809, and not August 5"; and further, that he has "thoroughly examined" the Register of Somersby. Has C. J. C. also ex

THE REV. GEO. HARBIN (7th S. xi. 188).-—An account of him will be found in 'Dict. Nat. Biog.,' vol. xxiv. p. 316. A letter from this Nonjuring divine to Sir Hans Sloane is preserved in Add. MS. 4047 (British Museum). A collection of State Papers, partly collected by Harbin, with notes, correspondence, &c., 1086-1762, forms Add. MSS. 32,091-6. Letters to him from Bishop Ken, dated 1692, are found in Add. MS. 32,095, ff. 395, 397, 401; and letters on the Pretender's birth, dated 1703, in Add. MS, 32,096, ff. 36-7, 50-1. He was the original possessor of Rawlinson MSS. C. 156, 400, now finding a place in the Bodleian Library, where is a copy of his letter to Dr. Charlett, dated January 10, 1694/5 (Rawlinson MS. C. 739, fol. 77 b). May not the annexed refer to Lord Weymouth's chaplain: "March 22. obituary notice in Gent. Mag., 1762, vol. xxxii. p. 145, Dr. Harbin, R. of Swafield, Lincolnshire"?

DANIEL HIPWELL.

34, Myddelton Square, Clerkenwell. It is possible that it was this man's daughter Anne who, on March 22, 1695/6, married my great-great-grandfather, Baldwin Malet, of St. Audries, Somerset, and bore him six children. She died in 1725. There is a fine portrait of her at the family seat, Wilbury. This George Harbin was lineally descended from Sir William Harbin, of Picardy and Abbeyville, and Captain of Calais in the reign of King Edward I. (vide Harbin pedigree). HAROLD MALET, Colonel.

WILLIAM BECKFORD, LORD MAYOR (7th S. xi. 269).-Moore is undoubtedly the sculptor of Beckford's monument in Guildhall, and his name engraven upon his work will testify to this. But A. C. W. is wrong in stating that LADY CONSTANCE RUSSELL ascribes the monument to Bartolozzi. She mentions (6th S. xi. 514) an engraving of the monument, and doubtless refers to the design, which was executed by Augustine Carlini and engraved by Bartolozzi. It may be of interest to mention that both Pennant and Malcolm state

"the monument of the Earl of Chatham was sculptured by Bacon, that of Beckford by Moore, that of Pitt by Bubb, and that of Nelson by Smith."

A. C. W. appears to have mistaken LADY RUSSELL'S meaning. A good portrait of Beckford, engraved by J. Chapman, was published in the Encyclopædia Londinensis' (1798). It should perhaps be mentioned that Phillips's Picture of London' (1806) ascribes Mr. Beckford's monument to Bacon. J. F. MANSERGH. Liverpool.

HERALDIC (7th S. xi. 208).-Rawline, or Rawlin, bore Sable, three swords paleways argent, two with their points in base and the middle one in chief. The other coat is incorrectly given. Barry is always in even numbers, such as six or eight. The name here sought is probably Aske, co. York, who bore Barry of six or eight, azure and or-both numbers are given. If your correspondent will communicate with me direct, I shall be happy to S. JAMES A. SALTER.

assist him further.

Basingfield, Basingstoke.

MR. BOUCHIER thinks it a school influence. "touching phrase." I can assure him that the C. C. B. condition it signifies is detestable.

I have heard this expression in Staffordshire or in Salop, perhaps in both. It is, as MR. BOUCHIER justly says, a touching phrase, more beautiful than homesick, because more personal and tender. Does it occur in German? We know heimweh, but mutterweh I have not heard of. A. J. M.

In Lincolnshire "mammy-sick" is spoken of in connexion with children away from home yearning specially for their mothers. Also a boy In Yorkso affected is called "a mammy-sick." shire if a child is left at home while the mother is out for the day washing or at field-work, it is often liable to be " mammy-sick." I am sure I have heard, but where cannot now remember, this term used when speaking of a newly weaned baby, who is in consequence cross, fretful, and, in fact, literally "mother-sick." W. M. E. F.

I remember being accused, when a child, of being "mammy-sick." J. T. F.

Winterton, Doncaster.

"MR. FRY, YE KING'S COAL-PORTER" (5th S. ii. 110).-MR. W. H. PATTERSON in 1874 referred to a portrait he had of the above person, and I have recently come across an old 'London Directory' of 1805-6-7, in which, p. 26, among members of the Coal porter.' King's (George III.) household is "William Frye, This, I presume, is the man MR. PATTERSON has a portrait of; more than this I do not know, but it fixes the date, which is something. Anything relating to any person of the name of Fry is interesting to me, as I am collecting informa tion for a history of the Frys in general, and I should much like to see the portrait if MR. PATTERSON would allow me. E. A. FRY.

King's Norton, Birmingham.

CHESTNUT ROOFs (7th S. xi. 206).—After so much has been written without in a single instance proving the use of chestnut in a medieval roof, it is somewhat surprising to find it asserted of Somerton Church that it is of chestnut-on the authoin distinguishing oak from chestnut. Oak timber, rity of the vicar! There is not the least difficulty when cut in a particular way, with that object, shows on its surface the beautiful "silver grain that is so much valued, and that is made so conspicuous in the grainer's imitations. When cut across, to show the end grain, bright lines radiate to the medullary rays, which are boldly deve from the centre. Both these appearances are due loped in oak, but are so faint in chestnut that they cannot be seen at all by the naked eye. Any one can apply this test for himself. My paper on Oak or Chestnut,' in the Journal of the Royal Institute of British Architects for April, 1878,

works which Mr. Barker has compiled the two volumes of the actor published respectively in 1750 and 1755 are rightly assigned to Sir John. They were long, regardless of dates, attributed to Aaron Hill. John Hervey, the first Earl of Bristol, and Edward Herbert, second Earl of Powis, belong also to him. Mr. C. H. Firth's exact know. ledge of the period of the Civil War is turned to valuable account in the life of Sir Arthur Heselrige, or Haselrig, whom he acquits of the cowardice with which he is charged by Holles, saying that "his fault throughout was overboldness rather than want of courage.' John Hewson, the regicide, is also in Mr. Firth's eminently competent hands. In the life of John Abraham Heraud, by Mr. Boase; Heraud is said to have had by his wife two children, Claudius William and Edith. He had also a second daughter, who married, if we remember rightly, a Mr. Warner, a son of the once famous actress of that name. To the life of Joseph Hill it may be added that 'L'Escole du Sage ou le Caractere [sic] des Vertus et des Vices,' par M. Chevreau, Paris, 1664, is in part translated from Hill. Thomas Hill, the book collector and bon vivant, the Hull of 'Gilbert Gurney,' is in the hands of Mr. Tedder, as is William Herbert, the bibliographer, the editor of Ames. The lives of the two Herschells are written by Miss A. M. Clerke. Mr. Thomas Bayne supplies excellent biographies of Robert Henryson, the Scotch poet, and David Herd, of ballad fame. A very important and judicious life is that of James Hepburn, of Bothwell, the husband of Mary Stuart, which is written by Mr. Henderson. Mr. R. E. Graves, Prof. J. K. Laughton, Mr. W. P. Courtney, Dr. Norman Moore, Mr. Charles Welch, Mr. Rigg, and Canon Venables are among the writers to whose contributions we turn with pleasure and profit.

Poetic and Verse Criticism of the Reign of Elizabeth. By Felix E. Schelling, A.M. (Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press; London, Kegan Paul & Co.) As the first number of the "Philology, Literature, and Archæology" series of the publications of the University of Pennsylvania this volume or brochure-it is between the two-has both interest and value. It consists of an analysis of the various treatises on the art and practice of poetry by Webbe, Gascoigne, Puttenham, Gosson, Sydney, and other Elizabethan writers. With these works, the productions of writers and poets succeeding Wyatt and Surrey, Mr. Schelling deals in admirable fashion, and the whole constitute an important addition to our stock of high-class literary criticism,

The English Rediscovery and Colonization of America. By John B. and Marie A. Shipley. (Stock.) WITH every desire to be fair, we cannot commend this little book. The authors are evidently well furnished with knowledge on the subjects of which they treat, but the tone in which they write is rather that of an advocate than of an historian. We may admit that it is yet an open question to whom we owe the discovery of the Americas, but it is beyond question that Christopher Columbus is a noble soul, who did not work for mere pelf but was moved by some of the noblest instincts that can inspire human nature. By all means let the whole truth be told, but let us have it doled out to us in a manner that shall not arouse antagonism. There are few things in this world more painful for the student than partisan history.

SIR DANIEL WILSON'S Memorials of Edinburgh in the Olden Time, Vol. II. Pt. 5 (A. & C. Black), has a very interesting and valuable chapter on the Lawnmarket, with fine engravings of Gosford Close (destroyed 1835), Old Bank Close (destroyed the same year), the Weigh House (removed in 1822), and other picturesque edifices,

IN Mr. William John Birch, formerly of Pudlicot, who died, aged eighty years, of angina pectoris at Florence, N. & Q.' has lost one of its oldest and most valued contributors. Mr. Birch was a graduate of Oxford. He had wintered for many years at Florence, where he made the acquaintance of many men of mark. Walter Savage Landor was among his intimate friends. He was a barrister-at-law, but did not practice, devoting his leisure assiduously to literature. In 1848 he published an interesting Inquiry into the Philosophy and Religion of Shakespeare.' His studies were chiefly directed to the early history of Christianity and to Christian mythology. His familiarity with the writings of the Fathers was considerable and exact. He was a man of most generous nature, and retained his faculties of head and heart to the last. Mr. Birch has left a large number of manuscripts, containing the record of his long and careful investigations of philosophical subjects.

MR. ELLIOT STOCK announces for immediate publication a work entitled 'King Charles and the Cogans of Coaxden Manor,' a missing chapter in the Boscobel Tracts.

Notices to Correspondents.

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WE cannot undertake to answer queries privately.

To secure insertion of communications correspondents must observe the following rule. Let each note, query, or reply be written on a separate slip of paper, with the signature of the writer and such address as he wishes to appear. Correspondents who repeat queries are requested to head the second communication "Duplicate." T. W. C.

He builded better than he knew.

Emerson, The Problem.'
"Old father antic, the law."
Shakspeare, 1 King Henry IV.,' I. ii.
And the night shall be filled with music,
And the cares that infest the day,
Shall fold their tents like the Arabs,
And as silently steal away.

Longfellow, The Day is Done.' Blessed are the horny hands of toil.

Lowell, A Glance Behind the Curtain.'

F. G. ("Circulating Libraries").-Alimited number of antiquarian and archæological books are lent by the Grosvenor, Mudie's, and other libraries. The London Library, in St. James's Square, is the only institution of which we know where you can get all important works of the class.