3. All who have been military or naval officers of the pretended Confederate Government above the rank of colonel in the army, and lieutenant in the navy.

4. All who left their seats in the Congress of the United States to aid in the rebellion. 5. All who resigned or tendered the resignation of their commissions in the army and navy of the United States to evade their duty in resisting the rebellion.

6. All who have engaged in any way in treating otherwise than lawfully as prisoners of war, persons found in the United States service as officers, soldiers, seamen, or in other capacities.

7. All persons who have been or are absentees from the United States for the purpose of aiding the rebellion.

8. All military or naval officers in the rebel service who were educated by the Government in the Military Academy at West Point, or at the United States Naval Academy.

9. All persons who held the pretended offices of Governors of the States in insurrection against the United States.

10. All persons who left their homes within the jurisdiction and protection of the United States, and passed beyond the Federal military lines into the so-called Confederate States for the purpose of aiding the rebellion.

11. All persons who have engaged in the destruction of the commerce of the United States upon the high seas, and all persons who have made raids into the United States from Canada, or been engaged in destroying the commerce of the United States on the lakes and rivers that separate the British provinces from the United States.

12. All persons who, at a time when they seek to obtain the benefits hereof by taking the oath herein prescribed, are in military, naval or civil confinement or custody, or under bond of the military or naval authorities or agents of the United States as prisoners of any kind, either before or after their conviction.

13. All persons who have voluntarily participated in said rebellion, the estimated value of whose taxable property is over twenty thousand dollars.

14. All persons who have taken the oath of amnesty, as prescribed in the President's proclamation of December 8, 1863, or the oath of allegiance to the United States since the date of said proclamation, and who have not thenceforward kept the same inviolate; provided, that special application may be made to the President for pardon by any person belonging to the excepted classes, and such clemency will be extended as may be consistent with the facts of the case and peace and dignity of the United States. The Secretary of State will establish rules and regulations for administering and recording the said amnesty oath, so as to insure its benefits to the people, and guard the government against fraud. In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed.

Done at the City of Washington, this the 29th day of May, 1865, and of the Independence of the United States of America the 89th.

By the President,

WILLIAM H. SEWARD, Secretary of State.

ANDREW JOHNSON.

CESSATION OF THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR.

July 26, 1898. Proposition on behalf of Spain submitted at Washington by M. Cambon, the French Ambassador.

July 30, 1898. Counter proposition submitted.

August 9, 1898.

August 12, 1898.

Spanish reply received by the President.

Protocol signed by William R. Day, Secretary of State, and Jules Cambon, representing Spain.

September 11, 1898. Protocol signed by the Queen Regent of

Spain.

October 1, 1898. Commissioners appointed under the Protocol held their first joint convention at Paris.

November 21, 1898. Ultimatum of the American Commissioners presented.

December 10, 1898. Treaty of Peace signed.

December 24, 1898. Treaty placed in hands of the President by the Commissioners.

January 4, 1899. Treaty received by the Senate.

May 1, 1899. Payment of $20,000,000 to Spanish government (the first anniversary of the battle of Manila Bay).

The Peace Protocol.

[Spanish-American War.]

Protocol of agreement between the United States and Spain, embodying the terms of a basis for the establishment of peace between the two countries:

William R. Day, Secretary of State of the United States, and His Excellency Jules Cambon, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of France at Washington, respectively possessing for this purpose full authority from the Government of the United States and the Government of Spain, have concluded and signed the following articles, embodying the terms on which the two Governments have agreed in respect to the matters hereinafter set forth, having in view the establishment of peace between the two countries, that is to say:

ARTICLE I. Spain will relinquish all claim of sovereignty over and title to Cuba. ARTICLE II. Spain will cede to the United States the Island of Porto Rico and other islands now under Spanish sovereignty in the West Indies, and also an island in the Ladrones, to be selected by the United States.

ARTICLE III. The United States will occupy and hold the city, bay, and harbor of Manila pending the conclusion of the treaty of peace, which shall determine the control, disposition, and government of the Philippines.

ARTICLE IV. Spain will immediately evacuate Cuba, Porto Rico, and other islands now under Spanish sovereignty in the West Indies, and to this end each Government will, within ten days after the signing of this protocol, appoint Commissioners, and the Commissioners so appointed shall, within thirty days after the signing of this protocol, meet at Havana for the purpose of arranging and carrying out the details of the aforesaid evacuation of Cuba and the adjacent Spanish islands, and each Government will, within ten days after the signing of this protocol, appoint other Commissioners, who shall, within thirty days after the signing of this protocol, meet at San Juan in Porto Rico for the purpose of arranging and carrying out the details of the aforesaid evacuation of Porto Rico and other islands now under Spanish sovereignty in the West Indies.

ARTICLE V. The United States and Spain will each appoint not more than five Commissioners to treat of peace, and the Commissioners so appointed shall meet at Paris not later than October 1, 1898, and proceed to the negotiation and conclusion of a treaty of peace, which treaty shall be subject to ratification according to the respective constitutional forms of the two countries.

ARTICLE VI. Upon the conclusion and signing of this protocol, hostilities between the two countries shall be suspended, and notice to that effect shall be given as soon as possible by each Government to the commanders of its military and naval forces.

Done at Washington, in duplicate, in English and in French, by the undersigned, who have hereunto set their hands and seals, the 12th day of August, 1898.

SEAL

SEAL

WILLIAM R. DAY.

JULES CAMBON.

Proclamation of Amnesty in the Philippines.

WHEREAS, During the course of the insurrection against the kingdom of Spain and against the government of the United States, persons engaged therein, or those in sympathy with or abetting them, committed many acts in violation of the laws of civilized warfare (but it is believed that such acts were generally committed in ignorance of those laws and under orders issued by the civil or military insurrectionary leaders); and

WHEREAS, It is deemed to be wise and humane, in accordance with the beneficent purposes of the government of the United States toward the Filipino people, and conducive to peace, loyalty, and order among them, that the doers of such acts who have not already suffered punishment shall not be held criminally responsible, but shall be relieved from punishment for participation in these insurrections and for unlawful acts committed during the course thereof of a general amnesty and pardon;

Now, therefore, be it known that I, Theodore Roosevelt, President of the United States of America, by virtue of the power and authority vested in me by the constitution, do hereby proclaim and declare, without reservation or condition, except as hereinafter provided, a full and complete pardon and amnesty to all persons in the Philippine archipelago who have participated in the insurrections aforesaid, or who have given aid and comfort to persons participating in said insurrections, for the offenses of treason or sedition, and for all offenses, political in their character, committed in the course of such insurrections, pursuant to orders issued by the civil or military insurrectionary authorities, or which grew out of internal political feuds or dissensions between Filipinos and Spaniards, or the Spanish authorities, or which resulted from internal political feuds or dissensions among the Filipinos themselves during either of said insurrections:

Provided, however, that the pardon and amnesty hereby granted shall not include such persons committing crimes since May 1, 1902, in any province of the archipelago in which at the time civil government was established; nor shall it include such persons as have been heretofore finally convicted of the crimes of murder, rape, arson, or robbery by any military or civil tribunal organized under the authority of Spain or of the United States of America; but special application may be made to the proper authority for pardon by any person belonging to the exempted classes, and such clemency as is consistent with humanity and justice will be liberally extended; and, further,

Provided, That this amnesty and pardon shall not affect the title or right of the government of the United States or that of the Philippine Islands to any property or property rights heretofore used or appropriated by the military or civil authorities of the governinent of the United States or that of the Philippine Islands, organized under authority of the United States by way of confiscation or otherwise; and,

Provided, further, that every person who shall seek to avail himself of this proclamation shall take and subscribe the following oath before any authority in the Philippine archipelago authorized to administer oaths, namely:

"I. -, solemnly swear (or affirm) that I recognize and accept the supreme authority of the United States of America in the Philippine Islands and will maintain true faith and allegiance thereto, that I impose upon myself this obligation voluntarily without mental reservation or purpose of evasion, so help me God."

Given under my hand at the city of Washington, this fourth day of July, in the year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred and two, and in the one hundred and twenty-seventh year of the independence of the United States.

By the President.

ELIHU ROOT, Secretary of War.

THEODORE ROOSEVELT.

THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES.

All legislative powers granted by the Constitution of the United States are vested in a Congress, composed of a SENATE and a House of Repre

SENTATIVES.

The two Houses are independent of each other and of the Executive. The power of Congress is absolute within the scope of its authority. The only check on the power of Congress to legislate within its authority is the President of the United States; his right of veto (see “Veto,” in Index). The President in this connection is sometimes spoken of as the "Third House."

Legislation of each, exceeding the constitutional power of Congress and

of the President, can be declared unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court on an appeal to that body by any affected party.

In the House, the influence of the people is felt directly, according to their numbers; while the Senate provides the means of defending the smaller States from the possible encroachment of the larger, and assures their safety. (Constitution, Art. 5.) The House represents the people, the Senate represents the States.

The Representatives being elected more frequently than the Senators, and directly by the people, are apt to be more fully informed of the present feelings of their constituents, and therefore more likely to be swayed; thus, it is known as the popular, or Lower, or younger House. The Senate, on account of the long term of the Senators, is more conservative, and therefore it is spoken of as the Upper, or eldest, House.

The names Upper House and Lower House originated about the year 1718, in Massachusetts, when the Representatives gave the designation to the Council "as a fleer, and to intimate that they might consider themselves in another capacity than as a Privy Council." -Drake's Hist. of Boston, p. 558.

Each House of Representatives lasts for two years; this period is known as a Congress."

66

Each House is the judge of the election returns, and qualifications of its own members; may punish disorderly conduct; may expel by a vote of two-thirds.

Members of Congress cannot legally have any interest in any contract with, or claim against the Government; they are forbidden to prosecute cases before the Court of Claims, or to present claims to any of the Departments. No military or naval officer, and no person in the civil service of the government, is eligible to Congress.

Congress is required to meet every year- the Constitution appointing the first Monday in December-"unless they shall by law appoint a different day." There must be at least two sessions of each Congress.

The two Houses must adjourn without day when the two years' term of the members of the House expires. During a session, neither House can adjourn for more than three days without the consent of the other, nor to any other place than that in which the two Houses are sitting; in case of disagreement between the two Houses as to the time of adjournment, the President may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper.

The place of meeting of Congress is not fixed by the Constitution — the law regulates this. The Act of 1790 locates the seat of Government in "all that part of the territory of the United States included within the present limits of the District of Columbia" (Rev. Stat. Sec. 1795) - this is not, in a restricted sense, the City of Washington. The President can assemble Congress at some other place, when the prevalence of a contagious disease, or other circumstances, endangers the health or lives of its members (Rev. Stat. Sec. 34).

First Session begins on the first Monday of December of the oddnumbered years, and continues until adjournment, ordinarily in August. There is nothing to prevent the first session," called the "long session," continuing until the first Monday of the next December, when it must end. If Congress is assembled by special proclamation of the President before the first Monday in December, and does not adjourn by that day, the coming of that day does not interrupt the session.

Second Session begins on the first Monday of December in the evennumbered year, and continues until twelve noon of March 4th following. By a law, the Congress elected under the Articles of Confederation (passed September 13, 1788), Wednesday, March 4, 1789, was appointed for the Assembly of the first Constitutional Congress, and the inauguration of the new government. There was no quorum, so that the House did not organize until March 30, 1789, and the Senate until April 6, 1789. Until 1851 it was understood that the limit of the Congressional term, and the legislative powers of each succeeding Congress, were presumed to cease at midnight of March 3d of each alternate odd-numbered year. At the close of the 31st Congress in 1851, the propriety of this limitation was called in question, and the point was made that since in the Presidential years a new administration is not inaugurated until 12 o'clock on the 4th of March, the interpretation of the law commonly received would create an interregnum of twelve hours' duration. It was ruled by Speaker Howell Cobb, of Georgia, that the term of an outgoing Congress did not expire until 12 o'clock noon of March 4th, and that rule has since stood. A statute was passed (approved January 22, 1867): —

66 In addition to the present regular terms of the meeting of Congress, there shall be a meeting of the Fortieth Congress of the United States, and of each succeeding Congress thereafter, at 12 o'clock meridian, on the fourth day of March, the day on which the term begins for which the Congress is elected, except that, when the fourth of March occurs on Sunday (see Index, "Inauguration Day "), then the meeting shall take place at the same hour on the succeeding day."

The above repealed April 20, 1871, but as an authoritative declaration of the limits of the Congressional term it must be regarded as still in force. (See Congress 40, Ses. 1, page 147.)

The political day throughout the sessions of Congress properly begins,