Mobocrats. Applied to the Republicans by the Federalists in 1794. Monarchists. Given by the Republicans to a section of the Federalists in 1796, who were also called the British Party (q.v.), alleging they favored a monarchy.

Monocrats. The Federalists so dubbed by the Republicans in 1794. Mossbacks. A subdivision of the Democratic Party in Ohio and elsewhere, supposed to comprise the old fogies of the party as opposed to the "kids." In the vernacular, a "mossback" is a large, savage, snapping or alligator turtle, that has lived so long in the depths of some pond that his back has become covered with a growth of moss-like algæ.

Mugwump. Imparted in the Blaine-Cleveland Presidential campaign of 1884 to the Independents or Republican seceders who favored the Democratic candidate for the reason that a change in administration was necessary, as twenty-four years was long enough for a party to be in power; too long a life ingrafted corruption. The nickname applied to the independent voters and thinkers "who hold themselves superior to party trammels." An alternative sobriquet is furnished by the compound Dudes and Pharisees (q.v.).

The meaning of the word in the original had no connection with its political application or use, being taken up in its present meaning as a party seceder; with this definition it was first used by Governor Waller of Connecticut, the term having been local among the Indian tribes of New England and later with the people, becoming colloquial for a man of consequence, or rather one who deemed himself so. In this sense the New York Sun of June 15, 1884, characterized the "Independent Republican " movement, whose members had set themselves up as the superiors of their former associates, speaking of them as "Mugwumps," after which the word became politically current. The direct individual application on the part of the Sun was to one D. O. Bradley, of Tarrytown, New York.

Mugwump, corruption of mugquomp (Algonkin), "leader," "chief." It first appeared in print in Eliot's Indian Bible (1661) in Genesis XXXVI., translating English word duke, Hebrew alhiph, a "leader."

In 1840, during the Tippecanoe campaign, the Lake County (Indiana) Great Western, Solon Robinson, editor, mentions, "Then the great Mugwump was delivered of a speech. . . ." In 1865, "Uncle Nat. Eaton, formerly of Calais, but now Mugwump No. 2 of Middlesex," x," appears in the Montpelier (Vermont) Argus and Patriot, Hiram Atkins, editor. In 1872 the word appeared as a headline in the Indianapolis (Indiana) Sentinel, Henry F. Keenan, editor.

General Horace Porter of New York, an anti-Mugwump, gives the definition as: "A Mugwump is a person educated above his intellect." Narrow-gauge Prohibitionists. See "National Prohibition." National (1776-1777). In the revision of the Articles of Confed

eration so that the Federal Constitution would be adequate to the exigencies of government and the preservation of the Union, those delegates who held that a new constitution, based on new principles, was necessary, proposed a National System, namely: a government emanating directly from the people, proportional representation, three branches and a bicameral legislature, and ample powers exercised by national officers. These men were called the National party. Also known as the Large-state party (q.v.) and Thorough-revision party. See "Federalist."

In 1787, the Nationalists assumed the name Federalists, because they favored the ratification of the Federal Constitution; the Federalists, being opposed, became known as Anti-Federalists (q.v.). A few years later believers in loose-construction were called Federalists, while believers in strict-construction called themselves Republicans and Democratic-Republicans, a change in name not necessarily implying a change in principle.

National (of 1878). A union of the Greenback and Labor parties at a convention held at Toledo, Ohio. The name of National recognized in addition to the Greenback platform, adding reduction of workingmen's hours of labor, and against prison contract labor, eventually gaining strength by becoming a union of all disturbing elements.

National (of 1896). Originated with the seceders of the Prohibition convention which met at Pittsburg, May 27, 1896, known as "broadgaugers." ." They assembled at Pittsburg the next day; nominated as their Presidential candidate Rev. Chas. E. Bentley of Nebraska. See

"Prohibition."

National (of 1900). A small-numbered faction of Anti-imperialists (q.v.) who met in New York, September 5, 1900. Further advocating a gold standard and sound banking system, public service on merit only, abolition of all corrupting special privileges, as subsidies, bounties, etc.

National Commerce. A local faction of New York City, in August, 1899, declaring for equal rights, irrespective of sex or conditions; for government ownership; the establishment in certain cities of a system of national foreign exchange, so the commerce of the country "may be expeditiously carried on with foreign nations, without payment of tribute to foreign banking systems."

National Democrat. A section of the Democrats who withdrew from the Democratic convention of 1860 because of the rejection of a majority report of a committee, which declared "that neither Congress nor the territorial legislature has power to abolish slavery in the territories, or prohibit the introduction of slaves therein."

September 2, 1896, a large percentage of disaffected Democrats, incident to the "free silver" and anarchistic tendency of the platform forced upon them by the Populists (q.v.) at the Chicago convention, met at Indianapolis in convention, nominating Palmer and Buckner as candi

dates, on the rule of law and a sound money platform, with the old and familiar principles and doctrines that were the governing principles of Jefferson, Madison, and Jackson, and the long line of strong men who made the Democratic Party the great power it was before the Civil War.

Nationalist. A movement that had its origin under the ideas as set forth in the novel "Looking Backward," by Edward Bellamy (1888). They entered into the Populist movement, not because they accepted that in its present form as ideal, but because that movement seemed to give the Nationalists the best opportunity for the diffusion of their principles.

With the Socialist Labor Party they have succeeded in producing a strong sentiment in favor of independent political action on the part of wage-earners.

Nationality. The Anti-Nebraska party's interpretation of their application of the name Republican as adopted by them for a party name. National Prohibition. Out of the Independent Order of Good Templars, instituted in 1851 on the Temperance question, emanated a faction with political tendencies, that favored and elected Neal Dow as Mayor of Portland, Maine, 1853, and in 1854, as the Temperance Party, elected Myron Clark as Governor of New York. In 1868 Illinois and Michigan had taken up the matter on local issues, and formed Temperance and Prohibition political parties.

The first move toward a national party in the interest of temperance was on May 25, 1869, during a session of the Right Worthy Grand Lodge, I. O. G. T., at Oswego, New York, when a meeting was held to "favor independent action for the promotion of the temperance cause," resulting in a call for a national convention to organize a National Prohibition Party; the meeting was ultimately held at Chicago, September 1, 1869.

The first Temperance candidate for the Presidency on a national ticket was James Black, nominated in convention held at Columbus, Ohio, February 22, 1872.

The platform declaration of principles claimed the traffic in intoxicating beverages a dishonor to Christian civilization, a political wrong, and suppression only effective when legal prohibition is both State and National. That the entire prohibition of the liquor traffic is declared to be a principle good in law and feasible in practice. See "Personal Liberty."

In later conventions their declarations noted that, as Christians and temperance people, the extermination of the liquor traffic was the supreme political issue, and the only test of party fealty; nominating no person, or indorsing no candidate unless an openly avowed and consistent member, and totally separated from other parties.

At the convention held in Pittsburg, May 27, 1896, they divided into two factions, as "broad-gaugers" and "narrow-gaugers," on the silver question; the "broads" holding views approaching those of Populists,

the "narrows" insisting upon prohibition of the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors as the only party issue. The "broads" withdrew and formed the "National Party." See "National of 1896"; "Wets" and "Drys"; "Broad" and " Narrow-gaugers."

The Prohibitionists are a political party of one idea - the prohibition by law of the manufacture and sale of intoxicating drinks. Its first important success was the enactment of the Maine Law in 1851, the first State which, by an act of its Legislature, placed a stringent prohibition on the sale of intoxicating drinks. They have formed their ticket and promulgated their views every four years since 1872 and have never secured an electoral vote.

National Republican. A construction party operated as a check upon the naturalization law; outgrowth of the liberal wing of the Democrats in 1828, holding doctrines consisting of a modification of Federalism; a section of the Democrat-Republicans (q.v.).

The title was assumed in 1828 by the opponents of the Jackson administration, who put in nomination Anti-Masons to secure the aid of the Anti-Masonic element.

The genealogical treatment: Federalism, Republicanism, Liberal Democracy, National Republican.

Party rapidly disintegrated after its defeat in 1833; those who rallied around old Federal principles were called Whigs, and they with the National Republican remnant organized in 1838 as Whigs, nominating Harrison, the Anti-Masons supporting. See "Whigs."

National Republican League. Organized in Chickering Hall, New York City, December 15-17, 1887, by delegates from Republican clubs of the States; composed of Republican clubs organized by States and united in a national organization. Purpose, “Organization and Education"; to enlist younger men and "first voters" in the ranks of the party.

National Silver. A party advocating as their paramount issue the bimetallic standard in the money question. Nominated W. J. Bryan for President, Arthur Sewall for Vice-President, July 22, 1896, at St. Louis.

National Union Reform. Organized at Cincinnati, Ohio, March 1, 1899, their platform being direct legislation under the system known as the initiative and referendum"; the people under the initiative can demand of their representative assembly the enactment of any desired law; under referendum they can compel the submission to themselves of a proposed measure or law, when if it receives a majority of the votes cast it will be thereby enacted.

The National Party aimed to amalgamate the Silver Republicans, Populists, Social Labor, and the Liberty Party-all of the minor parties except

the Prohibitionists. The Union Reform as a faction was first organized in Ohio during the fall of 1898.

Native American. The Federalists being anti-alien the Democrats naturally sought alliance with aliens, as foreigners with the fiveyear naturalization limit, centring in New York, filled the New York division of Democracy, to the exclusion of native Federalism, in the control of the city government, and to meet this condition of affairs the first attempt at a Native American organization was made. It began in 1835, and with the mayoralty election of 1837 failed, was renewed in 1844, with the vital principle of American, and was successful in electing its mayor of New York, its boom being incident to the action of Bishop Hughes in a speech in Carroll Hall, 1843, in which he advocated a distinct organization, as a party, of the Irish voters of New York. This was the first attempt to organize foreign citizens for political purposes. The party advocated the extension of the naturalization law to twentyone years, which with other extreme measures resulted in its defeat in 1845, through the strong opposition of Democrats and the Irish and Roman Catholic element.

It first presented national candidates in 1848, named at a convention in Philadelphia in September, 1847, not by nomination but by recommendation of General Taylor as President.

Negrophilites. Accorded to members of the anti-slavery parties, in the way of reproach.

North Americans. Northern anti-slavery section of the American party (q.v.).

Nullification. Organized in Charleston, South Carolina, by John C. Calhoun in 1831 and 1832; confined within South Carolina. See "Political Vocabulary," "Nullification."

Old Line Whig. A name for the unprogressive, conservative faction of the Whig party (1840-1852).

Particularists. A division of the Whigs (q.v.) that at the close of the Revolution believed the State government should be supreme, and that no central power should have sufficient authority to coerce a State, or keep it to the compact against its will; while accepting the necessity of union they had fear that the States would lose their power or surrender their independence. (See "Strong Government Whigs.") They were strong advocates for local self-government, with State rights uppermost. See "Anti-Federalists."

Partido Conservador. A peace movement party in the Philippines (March, 1901), recommending acceptance of United States sovereignty as a temporary expedient, expressing hope that independence