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to the municipal council, wherein they shall be again discussed. If. after a second discussion, two thirds of the total number of councilors vote in favor of the resolution, it shall become a law.

When the mayor does not return the resolution, within ten days after the date of reference, it shall be considered approved and become a law.

ART. 108. The resolutions of the municipal councils may be suspended by the mayor, the governor of the province, or the President of the Republic, when in their opinion they are contrary to the Constitution, the treaties, the laws, or the resolutions passed by the provincial councils within the sphere of their powers. But the right to take cognizance and pass upon the claims which may arise out of said suspension shall be reserved to the courts of justice.

ART. 109. The members of the municipal councils shall be personally responsible before the courts of justice, in the manner and form established by law, for the acts done by them in the performance of their duties.

SECTION III.—THE MAYORS AND THEIR ATTRIBUTIONS AND DUTIES.

ART. 110. Mayors shall have power:

1. To publish such resolutions of the municipal councils as may have force of law, and execute and cause the same to be executed.

2. To administer the municipal affairs, issuing orders and instructions as well as rules for the better execution of the resolutions of the municipal councils, whenever the latter may fail to do so.

3. To appoint and remove the employees of their respective offices in the manner provided by law.

ART. 111. Mayors shall be personally responsible before the courts of justice, in the manner prescribed by law, for all acts performed by them in the discharge of their functions.

ART. 112. Each mayor shall receive a salary, to be paid by the municipal treasury, which may be changed at any time; but such change shall not take effect until after a new election for mayor has been held.

ART. 113. In case of vacancy, either temporary or permanent, of the office of mayor, the president of the municipal council shall act

as mayor.

Should the absence be permanent, the substitute shall act until the end of the term for which the mayor was elected.

TITLE XIII-THE NATIONAL TREASURY.

ART. 114. All property existing within the territory of the Republic not belonging to provinces, municipalities or private individuals or corporations shall belong to the State.

TITLE XIV.-AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION.

ART. 115. The Constitution shall not be amended, in whole or in part, except by resolution passed by two thirds of the total number of members of each house of Congress.

Six months after the resolution to amend the Constitution has been passed, a Constitutional Convention shall be called to assemble. for the exclusive and specific purpose of either approving or rejecting the amendment. Each house shall, in the meantime, continue to perform its duties with absolute independence of the Convention. Delegates to the said Convention shall be elected by each province at the rate of one for every 50,000 inhabitants, in the manner that may be provided by law.

TRANSITORY PROVISIONS.

FIRST. The Republic of Cuba does not recognize any other debts or obligations than those legitimately contracted in favor of the revolution by commanders of bodies of the liberating army, subsequent to 24 February 1895 and prior to 19 September of the same year, on which date the Jimaguayú Constitution was promulgated: and the debts and obligations contracted afterwards by the revolutionary government, either by itself or through its legitimate representatives in foreign countries. Congress shall examine said debts. and obligations and decide upon the payment of those which are found legitimate.

SECOND. Persons born in Cuba, or children of native-born Cubans, who, at the time of the promulgation of this Constitution, are citizens of any foreign nation, shall not enjoy the rights of Cuban nationality without first renouncing expressly their foreign citizenship.

THIRD. The time of service of foreigners in the wars of independence of Cuba shall be counted as time of naturalization and residence, for the acquisition of the right granted to naturalized citizens in Article 49.

FOURTH. The basis of population established in relation to the election of representatives in Congress, and of delegates to the Constitutional Convention, in Articles 48 and 115, may be changed by law, whenever, in the judgment of Congress, the change becomes necessary through the increase in the number of inhabitants, shown by censuses to be periodically taken.

FIFTH. At the time of the first organization of the Senate, the senators shall be divided into two groups for the purpose of their renewal.

Those forming the first group shall cease in their duties at the expiration of the fourth year, and those forming the second group

at the expiration of the eighth year. It shall be decided by lot which of the two senators from each province shall belong to either group. The law shall provide the method to be followed in the formation of the two groups into which the Chamber of Representatives shall be divided for the purpose of its partial renewal.

SIXTH. Ninety days after the promulgation of the electoral law, which shall be framed and adopted by the Constitutional Convention, an election shall be held of the public functionaries provided by the Constitution, to whom the transfer of the government of Cuba, in conformity with the provisions of Order No. 301 of Headquarters, Division of Cuba, dated 25 July 1900, is to be made.

SEVENTH. All laws, decrees, regulations, orders and other provisions which may be in force at the time of the promulgation of this Constitution shall continue to be observed, in so far as they do not conflict with the said Constitution, until legally revoked or amended.

APPENDIX OF 12 JUNE 1901.1

[PREAMBLE.]

The Constitutional Convention, acting in conformity with the order of the Military Governor of the Island, of 25 July 1900, by which it was called to assemble, resolves to attach, and does hereby attach to the Constitution of the Republic of Cuba adopted on 21 February ultimo, the following Appendix.

ARTICLE 1. The government of Cuba shall never enter into any treaty or other compact with any foreign power or powers which will impair or tend to impair the independence of Cuba, nor in any way authorize or permit any foreign Power or Powers to obtain by colonization or for military or naval purposes, or otherwise, lodgment in or control over any portion of said island.

ART. 2. That said government shall not assume or contract any public debt to pay the interest upon which, and to make reasonable. sinking-fund provision for the ultimate discharge of which, the ordinary revenues of the island, after defraying the current expenses of government, shall be inadequate.

ART. 3. That the government of Cuba consents that the United States may exercise the right to intervene for the preservation of Cuban independence, the maintenance of a government adequate for the protection of life, property and individual liberty, and for discharging the obligations with respect to Cuba imposed by the Treaty of Paris on the United States, now to be assumed and undertaken. by the government of Cuba.

See above, p. 151, note 4.

This right was exercised in August 1906, when an insurrection broke out, the provisional government being undertaken by a United States Commission, which relinquished its office on 24 January 1909.

ART. 4. That all acts of the United States in Cuba during its military occupancy thereof are ratified and validated, and all lawful rights acquired thereunder shall be maintained and protected.

ART. 5. That the government of Cuba will execute, and, as far as necessary, extend the plans already devised, or other plans to be mutually agreed upon, for the sanitation of the cities of the Island, to the end that a recurrence of epidemic and infectious diseases may be prevented, thereby assuring protection to the people and commerce of Cuba, as well as to the commerce of the southern ports of the United States and the people residing therein.

ART. 6. That the Isle of Pines shall be omitted from the proposed constitutional boundaries of Cuba, the title thereto being left to future adjustment by treaty.

ART. 7. That to enable the United States to maintain the independence of Cuba, and to protect the people thereof, as well as for its own defense, the government of Cuba will sell or lease to the United States lands necessary for coaling or naval stations, at certain specified points, to be agreed upon with the President of the United States.1

ART. 8. That, by way of further assurance, the government of Cuba will embody the foregoing provisions in a permanent treaty with the United States.2

1 Under treaties signed 2 July 1903, the United States has coaling stations in the Bay of Guantánamo and Bahia Honda, for which $2,000 is paid annually.

2 See above, p. 151, note 3.

EGYPT.

On 13 February 1841 (21 Dulkaada 1256), Egypt became the hereditary possession of the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. In 1866 and 1867 imperial firmans extended the attributions of the Khedive so as to give him absolute power to do whatever was necessary for the internal administration of Egypt. An Assembly was established to deliberate upon the domestic interests of the country and a regulation in 61 articles determining the attributions of the Assembly was promulgated by the Khedive 20 November 1866.1 In 1883 the British government undertook the political and administrative reorganization of the country and on 1 May an Organic Law was promulgated by the Khedive creating a number of representative institutions, including a Legislative Council, a General Assembly and Provincial Councils. But these bodies were mainly consultative and the Khedive and his ministers retained most of the legislative power. An electoral law in 46 articles was promulgated the same date (24 Jomada I 1300). These two laws were replaced in July 1913 by the present Organic and Electoral Laws, by which for the Legislative Council and General Assembly was substituted a new body called the Legislative Assembly.*

3

ORGANIC LAW OF 21 JULY 1913.5

We, Khedive of Egypt,

[PREAMBLE.]

Whereas it is Our desire to endow Our country with an enlightened system of government, which, while assuring good administration, the protection of the liberty of the individual and the development of progress and civilization, shall be specially adapted to the country;

French text in Staatsarchiv, 41 (no. 7741).

'French text is in the British and Foreign State Papers, 74: pp. 1095-1103, and F. R. DARESTE ET P. DARESTE, Les Constitutions modernes (3d edition, Paris, 1910), vol. 11, pp. 346-356.

See Article 54 below.

These introductory paragraphs are based upon DARESTE, op. cit., pp. 345-346, and The Statesman's Year Book (1918).

Translation taken from the British Parliamentary Paper Egypt, No. 3A (1913) (London, 1913) [Cd. 6878], which also contains a translation of the Electoral Law of the same date. French text with the commentary of the British Consul-General at Cairo in the British and Foreign State Papers, 106: pp. 917-941. The date of the Khedive's defree is 1 July 1913 (26 Rajab 1331), but the law did not come into force until 21 July are Article 55).

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