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As can be readily seen from the foregoing table the households whose heads were of foreign birth have a very much higher average of boarders or lodgers than the households whose heads were nativeborn white persons of native father. The foreign-born show an average of 218 boarders or lodgers per 100 households based on the total number of households and an average of 515 boarders or lodgers per 100 households based on the number of households having boarders or lodgers. On the other hand, the native-born exhibit an average. of only 49 persons per 100 households based on the total number of households. The German and Irish households show a lower average than those whose heads were native-born. On the other hand, the Croatian and Polish households show an average of 560 and 503, respectively, boarders or lodgers per 100 households based on the number of households with boarders or lodgers, and an average of 248 and 311 per 100 households based on the total number of households furnishing information.

SIZE OF APARTMENTS OCCUPIED.

The range in the size of the apartments occupied by the households studied may be seem from the following table which shows by general nativity and race of head of household, the per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms.

TABLE 230.-Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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Of the 341 families studied in the above table, it will be noted that 32.8 per cent occupy apartments of 4 rooms, 20.2 per cent apartments of 5 rooms, and a small per cent apartments of 6 or more rooms; 77.6 per cent live in 3, 4, or 5 room apartments.

Comparing the native-born of native father with the foreign-born, it is noticed that the proportion of the former using 3 and 4 room apartments is much less than that of the latter, 40 per cent of the former being housed in 3 and 4 room apartments, in contrast with 60.1 per cent of the latter. In the 5-room apartments, however, the proportion changes abruptly, and the native-born of native fathers take the lead, with 37.8 per cent occupying 5-room apartments to 17.6 per cent of the foreign-born.

A comparison of the native-born of native father with the Germans brings forth a remarkable similarity. In the case of 2, 6, and 7 or more room apartments, the per cents are the same for both races.

The large proportion of Croatians using 2-room apartments will be noted at once, 14.1 per cent using them in comparison with the 8.9 per cent of the Germans and native-born of native parents, and the much smaller per cent of the Poles.

SIZE OF HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The table next presented shows the range in size of households studied according to general nativity and race of head of household. TABLE 231.-Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] Per cent of households of each specified number of persons.

Average

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number
of per-
sons per

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In this locality none of the households studied consist of a single person, 7 per cent are of two persons, 13.5 per cent are of three persons, 15 per cent are of four persons, 12 per cent are of five persons, 13.2 per cent are of six persons, 9.1 per cent are of seven persons, 7.6 per cent are of eight persons, 6.5 per cent are of nine persons, and 16.1 per cent are of ten or more persons. The proportion of households of three, four, and six persons, respectively, is larger for the native-born of native father than for the foreign-born, while the proportion of households of two, five, seven, eight, nine, and ten or more persons, respectively, is larger for the foreign-born than for the native-born of native father. Among the foreign-born the proportion of households of two, four, seven, and nine persons, respectively, is larger for the Croatians than for either the Germans or the Poles; the proportion of households of three and five persons, respectively, is larger for the Germans than for the Poles or the Croatians; and the proportion of households of six, eight, and ten or more persons, respectively, is larger for the Poles than for the Germans or the Croatians.

CONGESTION.

The extent of congestion within the households of the slaughtering and meat-packing employees, studied in Kansas City, and the effect of crowded conditions upon living arrangements, are next considered.

The first table submitted in this connection shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room.

TABLE 232.-Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.

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Upon comparing the total in the above table it is evident that households whose heads were born abroad show a higher average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room as compared with the households whose heads were native-born of native father Among the foreign-born, the highest average number of persons per apartment is exhibited by the Polish households and the lowest by the Irish. On the other hand, the Croatians show a slightly higher average number of persons per room and per sleeping room than the Poles, the Germans being next in order. The least congestion is shown in all three divisions by the Irish.

The following table shows the range in the number of persons per room according to general nativity and race of head of household:

TABLE 233.-Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household.

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In this locality 85.3 per cent of the households studied have one or more persons per room, 36.4 per cent have two or more persons, 10.6 per cent have three or more persons, and only 1.5 per cent have four or more persons. The proportion of households having each specified number of persons per room is largest for the households of foreign-born heads. Of the foreign-born, the Croatians and Poles have a larger proportion of households of each specified number of persons per room than have the Germans.

The range in the number of persons per sleeping room may be seen, according to general nativity and race of head of household, from the table which immediately follows:

TABLE 234.-Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.

General nativity and

race of head of household.

Total
num-
ber of

house

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

Aver-
age
num-
ber of

persons

Number of households having
each specified number of
persons per sleeping room.

Per cent of households having each specified number of persons per sleeping room.

2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or

holds. per 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or
sleeping more. more. more. more. more. more. more. more. [more. more.

room.

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The greatest proportion of the total number of households investigated have two or more persons per sleeping room; 54.5 per cent have three or more; 29.6 per cent have four or more; 12.3 per cent five or more; and 5 per cent six or more. The proportion of households of the native-born of native father having specified number of persons per sleeping room is smaller in every instance, except one, than the corresponding proportion of foreign households. Of the specified races, the Croatians and Poles have the greatest degree of congestion in the sleeping rooms, excepting the Irish of whom there are only 11 households. This condition is least prevalent among the Germans but still exists in a greater degree than among the nativeborn of native father.

The effect of crowding in households and the necessity of using large proportions of available space for sleeping purposes owing to the number of persons in the households is set forth in the following table which shows the number and per cent of households using all except the specified number of rooms for sleeping purposes.

TABLE 235.-Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.

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In this locality, 4.1 per cent of all the households for which information was secured, sleep in all the rooms, 38.7 per cent sleep in all the rooms except one, and 32.8 per cent sleep in all the rooms except two. The proportion of households sleeping in all the rooms and in all the rooms but one, respectively, is considerably larger for the foreign households than for the native households, while the proportion of households sleeping in all the rooms but two is slightly larger in the case of the native households than in the case of the foreign households. Of the foreign-born, the Poles have the largest, the Croatians the second largest, and the Germans the smallest proportion of households sleeping in all rooms, and all rooms except one, respectively, and the Croatians have the largest, the Germans. second largest, and the Poles the smallest proportion of households sleeping in all rooms except two.

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