Do they affect property only? Do they ultimately affect life? 163. Why should a distinction be made between the forgery Is it equal to the worst of frauds? 164. How is obtaining money by secret threats to be regard- Why are frequent capital punishments necessary in Eng- How are crimes prevented in despotic countries? 165. How do great cities multiply crimes? Why does not transportation furnish a sufficient remedy 166. What is the end of punishment? Why is the reformation of criminals nearly hopeless? What are the modes for overcoming aversion to la- 167. What difficulty remains after reformation has been effect- 168. What is the proper definition of torture? To what exceptions is the question by torture liable? 170. Why is the certainty of punishment more important than Is a strict police more effective than a severe code? Are juries too particular in respect to evidence? 171. What maxims have occasioned this lenity? Is circumstantial evidence always weaker than direct 172. Does Paley think it better that ten guilty persons escape not? CHAPTER X. 173. What remarkable difference is to be observed between Did not Christ lay down a precise form of church gov- 174. For what reasons? On what is the authority of a church establishment found- What three things are necessary to a national religious 175. How does Paley make it appear that a learned clergy is necessary to the preservation of Christianity in a country? 176. Are the English clergy all learned? Is it necessary for them to be so? Is it necessary that some of them should be learned and industrious? Does he, therefore, infer that the clergy should be a distinct order of men? 177. Does the existence of the sect called Quakers, without a clergy, disprove this? If the clergy be kept distinct, should they be supported by the other orders? Why not by their voluntary contributions? 178. What would be the effect of this mode of support on the preachers themselves? 179. Supposing a legal provision for the clergy to be necessary, what is the next question? 180. What other question does this involve? Why is subscription necessary? 181. Is a legal establishment of one particular religion a necessary consequence of private patronage, or the giving of ecclesiastical preferments? What would result from allowing the parish to choose? ? 182. What inconveniences does Paley suppose must attend it? State the argument for an ecclesiastical establishment. 183. Is a test necessary? Are there too many such tests? What is the consequence of this? 184. What are articles of peace ? What are the advantages of having a distinction of orders in the ministry? 185. How does Paley endeavour to prove that the civil magistrate has a right to interfere in matters of religion? 186. Is the right of the magistrate to ordain, and that of the subject to obey, different? Does this often occur in civil matters? 187. Is the magistrate always to be obeyed in spirituals? What alarming consequence is deduced from the lawfulness of the magistrate's interference? 188. How does Paley endeavour to refute it? 190. Does Paley suppose it to be the duty of the magistrate to provide for teaching his own or the people's religion? 191. What are the two kinds of toleration? How is the subject's right to the first kind proved? 192. What other auxiliary considerations prove the justice and expediency of toleration? What degree of toleration is to be extended to books? 193. What considerations are urged against a complete eration of dissenters ? 194. In what two cases may test-laws be applied with pro priety? 195. Why may not the test be directed against political principles? 196. How should every interference of the civil government, in matters of religion, be tried? CHAPTER XI. 197. What is the final view of all politics? Of what does the happiness of a people consist Is happiness, on the whole, commensurate with population ? 198. What follows from these principles? Is the importance of population a first principle in political economy? 199. What is one of the first hinderances to the increase of population? How much might the produce of the land, in England, be increased? 200. What is the fundamental proposition respecting popu lation? 201. What provision is necessary to the increase of the peo ple 202. What three causes regulate the procuring of the means of subsistence ? How do people subsist in China? In Hindustan ? 203. Would the general use of meat diminish their numbers? What makes Ireland populous? How does luxury assist population? 04. (1.) Which are the most innocent kinds of luxury? (3.) What is the condition most favourable to population? Give a history of the modes of subsistence used in different states of society. In the savage state. 206. In the next stage of advancement. What was the last improvement? What has recently hindered population in England? 207. Upon what circumstances does the quantity of provision depend? Why is an indigent tenantry a misfortune to a country? What is the most important right of the occupier? 208. How may the proprietor be considered the occupier? What inconvenience arises from the absence of the proprietor? How can it be obviated? Why is the distribution of provision important to the increase of population? 209. What are the only equivalents for provision? Explain this. On what does the sale of provision depend? 210. How does employment affect population directly? Indirectly? What public benefit is founded on this? What proportion of the tradesmen of Europe are employed on unnecessary articles? Give examples. 211. Is it directly apparent how they favour population? Will the soil maintain more than it can employ? 212. What would be the effect of having no employment for those not engaged in agriculture? What must these persons do? What is the business of one half of mankind? How is human labour divided? 13. Are both equally necessary? Illustrate this. Illustrate the origin and advantage of foreign com merce. 214. Is trade necessary for the encouragement of agriculture? Illustrate this. What is the immediate source of human provision? What is first in this scale? 215. The second ? The last? What branches of manufacture are most beneficial? 216. Does the reasoning concerning provision apply to those countries who import it? Illustrate this. 217. (1.) In what cases is emigration no sign of political decay? What are the usual causes of emigration? (2.) How does Paley consider colonization ? 218. Describe the state of a colony prosperous in itself and beneficial to the parent country. 219. What is the error of the English with respect to their colonies? (3.) Is abundance of money favourable to population? How does money flow into a country? How is it retained? What is the consequence? Is money or employment the cause of population? 220. What treasures evince no national prosperity, and afford no conclusion concerning the state of population? How may money become a cause of population? How is money first employed on being received into a country? How does it come to market for provision? Where will its effects be felt first? 221. When does its effect cease? Which produces the effect, the accession or the quantity of money? What is the effect of a diminution of money? What is the balance of trade? (4.) Are taxes necessarily prejudicial to population? Why not? 222. How may a tax become injurious? Give examples. What taxes are beneficial? 223. Is the tendency of taxes, in most instances, noxious? I]lustrate this. How does a new tax operate? 224. How is the proportion between the supply and expense of substance, disturbed by taxation, to be restored? How is the produce of taxes usually expended? 325. How should taxes be contrived? How should they be balanced and equalised? 226. What sorts of persons should have certain exemptions? (5.) Does the exportation of bread-corn appear to be injurious to population? In what case may it be exported? 227. In what other situation may it be exported? (6.) How do contrivances for abridging labour compensate for the diminution of employment, which is their immediate effect? 229. How can laws encourage population? Is the attempt to force trade of any use? 230. Is the encouragement of agriculture a proper subject of legislation? What rules are to be observed? Is it material in whose hands the fee of real estate is vested? What conditions of tenure condemn the land to sterility? 231. How should the power of the owner be increased? What is the effect of tithes ? 232. How should tithes be commuted? CHAPTER XII. 233. Is the profession of a soldier forbidden in Scripture ? What said John the Baptist to the soldiers? What difficulty arises in considering the affairs of nations? Exemplify this. 234. Can moral philosophy solve these doubts? Why not? What would be the effect of relaxing a rule? |