the Catholic faith, to which they have testified their devotion by building commodious and substantial churches. They have found Kansas a land of promise and fulfilment.

224. John J. Ingalls as Senator.-The Legislature of 1873 chose John James Ingalls as United States Senator as the successor of Samuel C. Pomeroy, first elected to the Senate in 1861. George W. Martin was elected State Printer, and re-elected by the Legislature of 1875.

225. State Election.-In 1874, Thomas A. Osborn was re-elected Governor; with M. J. Salter, LieutenantGovernor; T. H. Cavanaugh, Secretary of State; D. W. Wilder, Auditor; Samuel Lappin, Treasurer; A. M. F. Randolph, Attorney-General; John Fraser, Superintendent of Public Instruction; D. M. Valentine, Associate Justice; William A. Phillips, J. R. Goodin and W. R. Brown were elected members of Congress.

226. Election of Senator.-James M. Harvey, who had served two terms as Governor of the State, was elected by the Legislature of 1874, United States Senator, to fill the remainder of the term for which Alexander Caldwell was elected, a portion of the term having been filled by Hon. Robert Crozier, by appointment of the Governor.

In 1874 Kansas, taking an account of stock in resources educational, noted that the school districts had grown in number, since 1861, from 214 to 4,181; the school population from 4,901 to 199,019. The number of teachers employed had increased from 319 to 5,043. The value of schoolhouses, which in 1862 was estimated at $10,432, was, in 1874, set down as $3,989,085. This increase was made from year to year, including the years of the Civil War, no year being marked by a falling off or a cessation of

growth, showing that the people of Kansas were not to be diverted by any vicissitude from the upbuilding of the common and public school, the hope and security of free government.

SUMMARY.

1. Dawning of better times.

2. The census of 1870 gives a population of 362,307 in Kansas. 3. The State institutions built during the first decade of Kansas as a State, were the Insane Asylum, the Penitentiary, the State University, the State Agricultural College, the State Normal School, the Deaf and Dumb Asylum and the Blind Asylum.

4. The State House was occupied for the first time by the Legislature in 1870, James M. Harvey, Governor.

5. Alexander Caldwell was chosen United States Senator in 1871. 6. Thomas A. Osborn was elected Governor in 1872.

7. Kansas became entitled to three Representatives in Congress under the census of 1870.

#8. The Union Pacific was the first road to cross Kansas.

9. Kansas invited all the world into her borders.

10. John J. Ingalls was elected United States Senator in 1873. 11. Thomas A. Osborn was re-elected Governor in 1874.

12. James M. Harvey was elected United States Senator in 1874.

CHAPTER XXIII.

THE CENTENNIAL YEAR.

227. Kansas at the Centennial.—A feature of the great "boom decade," 1870-1880, was the participation of Kansas in the Centennial Exposition of 1876 at Philadelphia. The Legislatures of 1875 and 1876 appropriated $30,000 for the exhibition, and a further sum of $8,625 to be devoted to a report of the State Board of Agriculture, which should also contain an account of the Exposition. The women of Kansas manifested much interest in the part Kansas should take in the National celebration. For the $10,000 to which the building fund was limited, a frame house was erected in an excellent location, and therein, dividing the space with the State of Colorado, the State of Kansas made a memorable exhibition. The attendance, small at the opening of the Exposition, increased with its progress, and at the close became a rush. Among the visitors came Dom Pedro II, of Brazil, and his Empress, and with them a countless crowd of American sovereigns.

Every feature of the Kansas exhibition was a success, and a most admired map, showing by a star the location of every Kansas school house, is still preserved in the Capitol at Topeka.

228. Prizes Won by Exhibitors.-John A. Martin and George A. Crawford were appointed the National Centennial Commissioners for Kansas. The display owed its effect to

the taste of the arrangement, largely the work of Henry Worrall, of Topeka. Kansas received a certificate for the best collective exhibit; a first premium on fruit; a medal for a bound record book, exhibited by the State Printer, George W. Martin, and a prize for the best farm wagon, appropriate to the State where, by freighter's wagon and farmer's wagon, the "Star of Empire" has taken its westward way.

229. Centennial Year in Kansas.-The Centennial year was marked in Kansas by the mildness of the season with which it opened, with the ground unfrozen and bluebirds singing in January and February.

The people throughout the State evinced a revived interest in the history of their country and their State. The Fourth of July, 1876, was celebrated with enthusiasm, and seventyfive newspapers published local histories.

230. Calamity of 1874.-There is no rose without its thorn, and the ten wonderful years for Kansas, 1870 to 1880, were broken by one year of calamity, 1874. In that year the drought came after the wheat harvest, and the grasshoppers became a burden. As a spectacle the approach of the winged destroyers was sufficiently terrifying, and the destruction of vegetation was complete. A special session of the State Legislature was called, but concluded that relief from the State treasury was impracticable, and that the locusts must be met by issues of county bonds.

231. Relief.-In this juncture a State Relief Committee was organized, composed of well-known and responsible citizens of the State, who issued an address to the "citizens of Kansas and the people of the Eastern States." This committee received and disbursed money and goods to the

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amount of $235,000. This was the last "grasshopper invasion," and probably the last "aid campaign" in or from Kansas. Owing to the conduct of "unauthorized, irresponsible and mercenary parties," against whom the State Committee raised loud but ineffectual warning, the word "aid" became quite as unpopular in Kansas as the word "locust."

232. The Hoppers Depart. In the early spring of 1875, the young locusts hatched out in large numbers in Kansas and created much alarm. They evinced, however, a delicacy of constitution unknown to their hardy, northern progenitors, and on taking wings they took flight to the northward, in time to allow late planting, and the season which followed was one of the most fruitful in the history of the State.

233.

Election of 1876.-In 1876 George T. Anthony

was elected Governor; M. J. Salter, Lieutenant-Governor; Thomas H. Cavanaugh, Secretary of State; P. I. Bonebrake, Auditor; John Francis, Treasurer; Willard Davis, Attorney-General; A. B. Lemmon, Superintendent of Public Instruction; David J. Brewer, Associate Justice. William A. Phillips, Dudley C. Haskell and Thomas Ryan were elected to Congress.

234. The Exodus.-In the spring of 1874, it was noted that parties of colored people were emigrating to the State from the South, the larger number from Tennessee. These immigrants located in southeastern Kansas, and engaged in growing cotton. A settlement was also formed in Morris county.