20 Of the PASSIONS and AFFECTIONS. the body fhall not be oppreffed with repletion, or exhaufted by evacuation. Of these twe, one is the cure or antidote of the other; every error in repletion being corrected by a feafonable and congruous evacuation; and every excefs in evacuation (if it has not proceeded too far) being cured by a gradual and fuitable repletion. 2. When any repletion has been accumulated, it requires a particular and correfpondent evacuation, well known to physicians. Repletion, for inftance, from eating or drinking, requires a puke or abftinence. A fulness of blood requires immediate venæfection. A redundancy of humours requires purging. And a retention of any excrementitious matter, which fhould have been difcharged by fweat, urine, or fpitting, requires affiftance from fuch means as are found by experience to promote thefe feveral evacuations. And if thofe cautions are neglected, there will fucceed an oppreflion of the ftomach or breaft, a weight of the head, a rupture of the blood veffels, or fome o her troublefome diforder. Jan. quer his paffions, and keep them in abfolute fubjection to reason; for let a man be ever fo temperate in his diet, and regular in his exercife, yet ftill fome unhappy paflions, if indulged to excefs, will prevail over all his regularity, and A prevent the good effects of his temperance; it is neceffary, therefore, that he fhould be upon his guard against an influence fo deftructive. 2. Fear, grief, and thofe paffions which partake of them, as envy, hatred, malice, revenge, and despair, are known by B experience to weaken the nerves, retard the circular motion of the fluids, hinder perfpiration, impair digeftion, and often to produce fpafms, obftructions, and hypochondriacal diforders. And extreme fudden terror has fometimes brought on immediate death. C 3. Moderate joy and anger, on the other hand, and thofe paffions and affections of the mind which partake of their nature, as chearfulness, contentment, hope, virtuous and mutual love, and courage in doing good, invigorate the nerves, accelerate the circulating fluids, promote per piration, and affift digeftion; but violent anger (which differs from madnels only in duration) creates bilious, inflammatory, convulfive, and fometimes apoplectick disorders, especially in hot temperaments; and excess of joy deftroys fleep, and often has fudden and fatal § effects. D 3. It is to be obferved that a perfon in perfect health, all whofe fecretions are duly performed, ought never to take any medicine that is either evacuating or acrimonious, because it may disturb the operations of nature without any neceffity; and Hippocrates exprefly declares, that those who are of a strong and heal. E thy conftitution are much the worse for taking purges t. But as to external ab. Jutions of the fkin, by washing, bathing, or fwimming, they are proper for healthy people, provided they are not carried to excess. 4. It alfo is to be obferved, that chew. ing or fmoaking tobacco foon after meals, generally deftroys the appetite, and hurts the conftitution, both by weakening the fprings of life (as other opiates do) and by evacuating the faliva which nature has appointed to fall into the ftomach to promote digeftion. 5. Nothing exhaufts and enervates the body more, or hurries on old age fafter than premature concubinage; and hence the ancient Germans are extolled by Tacitus for not marrying before they arrived at their full vigour. Of the PASSIONS and AFFECTIONS of the Mind. 1. He who seriously refolves to preferve his health, muft previously learn to con* Sett. 2. aphor. 36. 37. + It pocrates's time were all fomewhat violent. rue mifcebantur. De Mar. German. 4. It is obfervable, that the perfpiration is larger from any vehement paffion of the mind when the body is quiet, than from the ftrongest bodily exercife when the mind is compofed. Thofe therefore who are prone to anger, cannot bear F much exercife, because the exuberant perfpiration of both would exhaust and waste the body. It is alfo remarkable, that a diforder which arifes from any vehement agitation of the mind, is more tubborn than that which arifes from violent corporal excic-fe, because the latter is cured Ghy reft and fleep, which have but little influence on the former. H is fich fances. § Vid. Plin. Hift. lib. ii. cap. xv. 5. A conftant ferenity, fupported by hope, or chearfulness, arifing from a good confcience, is the most healthful of all the affections of the mind. Chearfulness of fpirit (as the great lord Verulam obferves) is particularly ufeful when we fit down to our meals, or compofe ourselves to fleep; becaufe anxiety or grief are known to prevent the benefits which we ought to be obferved that the purges used in Hip- 1759 General RULES of HEALTH. A B ought naturally to receive from these refreshments: If therefore, fays he, any violent paffion fhould chance to furprize us near thofe times, it would be prudent to defer eating, or going to bed, until it fubfides, and the mind recovers its former tranquillity." (See our laft Vol. p. 641.) Having thus mentioned the principal rules relating to the fix things neceffary to life, confidered fingly, I thail here fubjoin a very important rule, which confiders two of the fix together, and fhews the mutual influence which they have one upon the other, with refpect to health. The rule is, that our exercife should bear an exact proportion to our diet, and our diet in like manner to our exercife; or, in other words, that he who eats and drinks plentifully fhould ufe much exercife; and he who cannot use exercise fhould, in order to preferve his health, live abftemiously. Perfons who can ufe moderate and conftant exercife, are able to digeft a large quantity of aliment, without any injury to their health, because their exercife throws off whatever is fuperfluous; but tender people, who can ufe little or no exercife, if they thould D take in a large quantity of food, fome indigefted fuperfluity must remain in the body, which becomes a perpetual fource of dutempers. Hippocrates looks upon this rule of adjufting out diet to our exercife, as the most important in the whole art of preferving health, and has taken particular care to recommend it, as we have feen before. But one caution I muft here recommend, which is less attended to than it deferves, viz. when a man happens to be much fatigued and spent after a hard journey or violent exercife, and ftands in need of immediate refreshment, let him eat things that are light and easy to digeft, and drink fome fmall liquor warm; for heavy meat and strong drink will increase the artificial fever (if I may fo call it) which violent exercife raifes in the blood, and will rather waste than recruit his ftrength and fpirits. Befides thofe appertaining to the fix things already mentioned, there are three other general rules greatly conducive to the prefervation of health, which must not be forgotten. C 21 Rule the fecond: It is dangerous fuddenly to alter a fettled habit or an old cuftom, and to fly from one extreme to another. Even thofe things which are in themselves bad, as dram drinking, chewing tobacco, fitting up late at night, fleeping immediately after dinner, morning whets, as they are called, &c. when by long ufe they have unhappily grown familiar to any person, must not be broke off all at once, but should be relinquished by degrees. The third rule is, that whatever tends to impair our ftrength, fhould be carefully avoided. To bleed often, for inftance, without an urgent caufe; to take ftrong purges or vomits; to go into a flender and vegetable diet rafhly, and rather from whim than neceflity: All fuch errors as thefe, I fay, change the small pipes, through which the circulation is performed, into impervious cords, and impair the ftrength by drying up the conduits of life. A Comparifon between antient and modern To the AUTHOR of the LONDON SIR, MAGAZINE. N the works of Tacitus, but by fome fuppofed to have been written by QuintiE lian, there is a comparison between the antient and modern education of children among the Romans, which feems to be fuch an exact reprefentation of the antient and prefent method of educating children in this country, that I have fent you a copy of it, for fuch of your readers as understand Latin, together with an English tranflation, or rather paraphrafe, for those that do not. Na Latin dialogue often printed with F G The first rule is: Every excefs is an enemy to nature. Whether it be in heat H or cold, in grief or joy, in eating or drinking, or in any other fenfual gratification, excefs never fails to diforder the body; whereas, to be moderate in every affection and enjoyment, is the way to preferve heal.h. The dialogue is between Vipfanius Meffalla, Maternus, Julius Secundus, and M. Aper; and the queftion is, why the orators of the former age, fo much excelled thofe of the prefent; upon which Meffalla is defired to give his opinion, whereupon he speaks as follows: XXVIII. Et Meffalla, non reconditas Materne cauffas requiris: Nec aut tibi ipfi, aut buic Secundo, vel huic Apro ignotas, etiamfi mihi partes affignatis proferendi in median, quae omnes fentimus. Quis enim ignorat & eloquentiam & ceteras artes defciviffe ab ifta vetere gloria, non inopia hominum; fed defidia juventutis, & negligentia parentum, & infcientia praecipientium, & oblivione moris antiqui? Quae mala primum in urbe nata, max per Italiam fufa, Semel multum et repente vel evacuare, vel replere, vel calefacere, vel refrigerare, out alio quovis modo movere, periculcium. Hitoc. arb. l. 2. ath. es. 22 A COMPARISON between B Jan. que nullam apud majores noftros auctoritatem babuit, Hatim docucro. Which may be englished, or paraphrafed thus: fufa, jam in provincias manant : Quamquam nofira nobis notiora funt. Ego de urbe bis propriis ac vernaculis vitiis loquar, quae natos fatim excipiunt, & per fingulos aetatis gradus cumulantur, fi prius de feve Chap. XXVIII. Meffalia. Altho' you ritate ac difciplina majorum circa educan- have put upon me the task of explaining das formandojne liberos pauca praedixero. A the reasons of that which we are all agreed Famprimum fuus cuique filius ex cafta pa- in, yet, my Maternus, you do not defire rente natus, non in cella emptae nutricis, that I fhould give any hidden causes, but fed gremio ac finu matris educabatur, cujus fuch only as are known to you, to Secunpraecipua laus erat, tueri domum, & in- dus, and to Aper; for who does not fervire liberis. Eligebatur autem aliqua know, that eloquence and the other arts major natu propinqua, cujus probatis fpecta- have fallen from their antient glory, not tifque moribus, omnis cujufpiam familiae fu- thro' any defect in mankind, but thro' the boles committeretur, coram qua neque dicere laziness of our youth, the negligence of fas erat quod turpe dictu, neque facere quod parents, the ignorance of fchoolmasters, inhoneftum facta videretur. Ac non fudia and a total neglect of the antient method modo curafque, fed remiffiones etiam lufufque of education; which evils firft arote in puerorum, fanctitate quadam ac verecundia this city, fpread prefently through Italy, temperabat. Sic Corneliam Gracchorum, and are now flowing through all our profic Aureliam Caefaris: Sic Attiam Augufti C vinces. But thofe of our own growth are matrem praefuiffe educationibus, ac probest known to us. I fhall peak of those duxiffe principes liberos accepimus, quae dif- which are peculiar to, and natives of this ciplina ac feveritas eo pertinebat, ut fincera city, which catch the children as foon as & integra & nullis pravitatibus detorta born, and through every stage of life are uniuscujufque natura, toto ftatim pectore ar- heaped upon them; but I must first preriperet artes boneftas: & five ad rem mili- mife a few words relative to the difcipline tarem, five ad juris fcientiam, five ad elc- D and feverity of our ancestors in educating quentiae fiudium inclinaffet, id jolum ageret, and forming the minds of their children. id univerfum hauriret. First then, no man's fon, bo:n of a chafte and frugal mother, was committed to the cottage of an hired nurse, but was brought up under the eye and in the bofom of the mother, whofe chief glory was to manage her house, and to oversee the education of her children, However, fome antient female relation of known and approved manners was often chofen, to whom was committed the care of the offspring of the family; and before her, no one was allowed to make ufe of any low or fcandalous word in their difcourfe, much lefs to be guilty of any indecent action in their behaviour. She took care to intermix a fort of fanctity, and modefty, not only in the ftudies and exercifes of the children, but even in their vacations and diverfions. Such we have heard was the education of the Gracchi under Cornelia, and of Julius Cæfar under Aurelia; and fuch was that of Auguftus under his mother Attia. By this their children became eminent in their country; and the effect of this difcipline and feverity in education was, that every one's nature thus remaining pure and entite, and without being warped by any bad habits, they applied themfelves early and heartily to the liberal arts; and whether they turned their minds towards the military, the law, or the study of eloquence, they applied themselves wholly to that, and made themselves compleat masters of whatever they aimed at. XXIX. At nunc natus infans delegatur Graeculae alicui ancillae, cui adjungitur unus aut alter ex omnibus fervis plerumque viliffimus, nec cuiquam ferio minifierio accommodatus. Horum fabulis & erroribus Ę teneri ftatim & rudes animi imbuuntur. Nec quifquam in tota domo penfi habet, quid coram infante domino, aut dicat, aut faciat : Quando etiam ipfi parentes nec probitati neque modeftiae parvulos affuefaciunt, fed lafciviae libertati, per quae paullatim impudentia irrepit, & fui alienique contemptus. Jam vero propria peculiaria bujus urbis vitia poene in utero matris concipi mihi videntur, hiftrionalis favor, & gladiatorum equorumque fudia. Quibus occupatus & obfeffus animus quantulum laci bonis artibus relinquit. Quotum quemque inveneris qui domi quidquam aliud loquatur? Quos alios adolefcentulorum fermones excipimus, fiquando auditoria intravimus? Nec praeceptores quidem ullas crebriores cum auditoribus fuis fabulas babent. Colligunt enim difcipulos non feveritate difciplinae, nec ingenii experimento, fed ambitione falutantium, & illecebris adulationis. Tranfeo prima difcentium elementa, in quibus & ipfis parum elaboratur. Nec in auctoribus cognofcendis, nec in evolvenda antiquitate, nec in notitia vel rerum, vel hominum, vel temporum jatis operae infumitur, fed expetuntur quos Rhetoras vocant: Quorum profeffio quando primum in hanc urbem introducla fit, quam 3 H Chap. 1759. Antient and modern EDUCATION. Chap. XXIX. But now the child as foon as born is committed to the care of fome little French woman, to whom is added a fervant or two, of the very loweft in the family, and fuch as are never employed, or fit to be employed in any bulinefs of confequence. With the idle A tales and vulgar errors of thefe, the raw and tender minds of the children are firft imbrued; nor is there any one in the family that minds what he either does or fays before his young mafter; whilst even the parents themselves accustom their little ones neither to probity nor modefty, but B to liberty and licentioufnefs; from whence impudence, and a contempt of their parents, as well as all others, creep by little and little into their minds. Now indeed, the proper and peculiar vices of this city, feem to me to be conceived with the children, even in the womb of the mother. C That refpe&t for stage players and ropedancers, and that fondnefs for converfing with horse-courfers, huntfmen, and bruifers, of which the minds of young gen. tlemen are fully poffeffed, what room can it leave for any of the liberal arts or sciences? Where fhall you find one who D at home ever speaks of any thing elfe? Go into any of the little affemblies of young gentlemen among us, what other converfation fhall you hear? Even our fchoolmasters have no fort of difcourfe more frequently with their pupils; for they do not now endeavour to get fcholars by the feverity E of their difcipline, or the brightnefs of their parts, but by attending levies, and by the allurements of flattery. I pass over the fift elements of learning, in which the fcholars themselves take but very little pains. They do not take time enough to make themselves acquainted with the best authors, or to enquire into antiquity, or into the knowledge of things, men, and times; but presently apply to those we call lecture readers, the first introduction of whofe profeffion, and what little regard it met with from our ancestors, I thall prefently fhew. 23 and fornicatio, and from thence our Eng- Statutes and Rules relating to the Inspection THE 1. That the Mufeum be kept open at the hours mentioned below, every day throughout the year, except Saturday and Sunday in each week; and likewife except Christmas-day and one week after; one week after Eafter day and Whitfunday respectively; Good-Friday, and alt days, which are now, or thall hereafter be fpecially appointed for thanksgivings or fafts by publick authority. 2. That between the months of September and April inclufive, from Monday to Friday inclufive, the Mufeum be opened, from nine o'clock in the morning till three in the afternoon; and likewife at the fame hours on Tuesday, Wednefday, and Thursday, in May, June, July, and Auguft; but on Monday and Friday, only from four o'clock to eight in the afternoon, during those four months, except at the times above excepted. The fecond directs the manner of ad-. miffion to view the Mufeum, as follows: 1. That fuch ftudious and curious perfons, as are defirous to fee the Museum, fhall make their application to the porter, in writing; which application fhall contain their names, condition, and places of abode; as alfo the day and hour at which they desire to be admitted; and shall be delivered to him before nine in the mornFing, or between four and eight in the evening, on fome preceding day: And that the faid names, together with the efpective additions, fhall be entered in a register to be kept by the porter. And the porter fhall, and is hereby required, to lay fuch regifter every night before the G principal librarian; or, in his abfence, beUpon this dialogue I fhall make but one fore the under librarian, who fhall officiremark, which is, That even in the de- ate as fecretary for the time being, or in generate age of Quintilian, common bawdy- his abfence, before one of the other under houfes and common prostitutes made, it librarians; to the end that the principal, feems, no part of the converfation among or fuch under librarian, may be informed, the young gentlemen of Rome, tho' among whether the perfons fo applying be proper the young gentlemen of this country, it is H to be admitted according to the regulatoo often the chief topick of converfation; tions made, or to be made, by the trustees but the young Romans, it seems, were not for that purpose. And if he shall judge fo ridiculously vain, as to talk of their them proper, he fhall direct the porter to amours with common proftitutes, nor fo deliver tickets to them, according to their abandoned as to frequent their common request, on their applying a fecond time brothels, which they called fornices, from for the faid tickets. whence came the Latin words fornicare 2. That 24 RULES relating to the 2. That no more than ten tickets be delivered out, for each hour of admittance; which tickets, when brought by the respective perfons therein named, are to be fhewn to the porter; who is thereupon to direct them to a proper room ap- A pointed for their reception, till their hour. of feeing the Museum be come; at which time they are to deliver their tickets to the proper officer of the first department: And that five of the perfons, producing fuch tickets, be attended by the under librarian, and the other five by the affiftant, in each department. B 3. That the faid number of tickets be delivered for the admiffion of company at the hours of nine, ten, eleven, or twelve respectively, in the morning; and at the hours of four or five, in the afternoon of thofe days, in which the Museum is to be open at that time: And that, if applica- C tion be made by a greater number of perfons than can be accommodated on that day and hour, which they had named; the perfons laft applying have tickets granted them for fuch other day and hour, as will be moft convenient for them; provided it be within feven days; a fufficient number of tickets being ordered to be left in the hands of the porter, for that purpofe. BRITISH MUSEUM. Jan. printed books, manufcripts, and other parts of the collection, distinguished by numbers, be depofited in fome one room of each department, to which the fame fhall respectively belong, as foon as the same can be prepared. 9. That written numbers, anfwering to thofe in the catalogues, be affixed both to the books, and other parts of the collection, as far as can conveniently be done. 10. That in paffing through the rooms, if any of the spectators defire to see any book, or other part of the collection, it be handed to them by the officer, as far as is confiftent with the fecurity of the collection, to be judged of by the faid officer; who is to restore it to its place, before they leave the room: That no more than one fuch book, or other part of the collection, be delivered at a time to the fame company: And that the officer do give the company any information they fhall defire, relating to that part of the collection which is under his care. 11. That upon the expiration of each hour, notice be given of it by ringing a bell; at which time the feveral companies D fhall remove out of the department in which they then are, to make room for fresh companies. 4. That if the number of perfons pro- 12. That the coins and medals, except ducing tickets for any particular hour does fuch as the ftanding committee fhall ornot exceed five, they be defired to join in der, from time to time, to be placed in one company; which may be attended E glafs cafes, be not expofed to view, but either by the under librarian, or affiftant, by leave of the trustees, in a general as fhall be agreed on between them. meeting, or the ftanding committee, or of the principal librarian: That they be fhewn between the hours of one and three in the afternoon, by one of the officers, who have the cuftody of them: F That no more than two perfons be admitted into the room to fee them at the fame time, unless by particular leave of the principal librarian; who in fuch cafe is required to attend, together with the faid officer, the whole time: And that but one thing be taken, or continue out 5. That if any perfons having obtained tickets, be prevented from making use of them, they be defired to fend them back to the porter in time; that other perfons wanting to fee the Museum may not be excluded. 6. That the fpectators may view the whole Museum in a regular order, they are first to be conducted through the department of manufcripts and medals; then the department of natural and arti ficial productions; and afterwards the G of the cabinets and drawers at a time, department of printed books, by the particular officers affigned to each depart ment. 7. That one hour only be allowed to the feveral companies, for gratifying their curiofity in viewing each department, fo that the whole infpection for each company may be finished in three hours; and that each company keep together in that room, in which the officer who attends them, fhall then be. 8. That a catalogue of the respective which is to be done by the officer, who fhall replace it, before any person prefent goes out of the room. 13. That if any of the perfons who have tickets, come after the hour marked in the faid tickets, but before the three H hours allotted them are expired, they be permitted to join the company appointed for the fame hour, on their removing into another department, in order to fee the remaining part of the collection, if they delire it. 14. That |