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the measure. But on reaching England, he was gratified by parliament renouncing the project.

In 1703, Evans succeeded Hamilton as deputy-governor. Being of a temperament and of principles antagonist to those of the Quakers, he proved very obnoxious to the great body of the people. He erected forts, and ridiculed the peaceful dispositions of the Quakers. He continued in office until 1709, when Penn became aware of his misgovernment, and appointed Charles Gookin, an Irish gentleman, to fill his place. selection was expected to restore peace to the colony, but it did not. was accused of arbitrary measures, and of favoring the non-quaker part of the population.

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ENN died in October, 1710. Before his death, he addressed a letter to the assembly of the province, earnestly entreating the people to adopt a more peaceful bearing towards each other, and reproaching them with ingratitude to himself. The letter produced an instantaneous and powerful reaction in favor of the aged proprietary. But it is probable it came too late for

him to hear and be gladdened by it. A series of apoplectic shocks terminated his active life. Men will not agree in their estimate of the character of William Penn. By some writers, he is asserted to have displayed on several occasions, a selfish and dissembling spirit. It is but just to remark that these assertions are not well supported by evidence. It will be agreed, however, that he was a man of an acute and powerful mind, active, patient, and persevering, zealous for the principles which he believed to be correct, and, withal, tolerant to those who did not agree with him.

In 1716, Gookin was succeeded by Sir William Keith, who, during the illness of the founder, was named by the king. This governor enjoyed a much greater degree of favor than any of his predecessors, though he is accused of purchasing it by too entire an acquiescence in the demands of the assembly, and allowing almost the whole power to pass into their hands. Such, at least, was the opinion of the proprietaries, who considered him also as neglecting their interest, and at the end of nine years removed him. He then attempted to raise a factious opposition, but was obliged to leave the colony. After a peaceable administration of several years by Major Gordon, Thomas and afterwards John Penn, sons of the late owner, went out in 1732 and 1734. They were received with the most cordial welcome, though the former did not altogether preserve his popularity.

During the early part of the eighteenth century, the character of the

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population underwent a gradual change. From the first a large proportion had been drawn from Germany, and Pennsylvania became the favorite resort of those who, by poverty and persecution, were driven from that country. A considerable number, who felt uneasy in the neighboring states, joined their countrymen. The prevailing sect among this people were the branch of the Anabaptists called Mennonites, who, to a great extent, harmonized with the Quakers, both in their character and religious views. In 1755, a writer estimates that, of the entire population of 220,000, nearly a half were Germans, and two-fifths of the remainder disciples of Barclay.

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HE colonization of Carolina was another result of persecution for the sake of religious opinion. The settlement made by the French Huguenots has already been mentioned. Its destruction by the Spaniards left the country again open to adventurers. The Spaniards guarded the coast as long as they could with safety to themselves. Raleigh's original establishment was within the territory of North Carolina. Its fate we have mentioned in the history of the colonization of Virginia. In 1622, a considerable number of planters, with their families, who suffered from the intolerant policy of the Virginia government, took refuge within the limits of Carolina. They endured great hardships, and were only saved by the generous conduct of the people of Massachusetts. In 1630, Sir Robert Heath obtained a patent for the country, but being unable to fulfil its conditions, he was forced to surrender it. In the year 1663, Charles II. granted to Lord Clarendon and others, all that tract of country, lying between the thirty-first and thirty-sixth degree of north latitude, and extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific ocean. The patented proprietors

of these extensive regions, published proposals for planting their domains. They assured all who would settle in Carolina, of the most perfect freedom in religion; that they should be governed by a free assembly; and that every freeman, during the term of five years, should be allowed a hundred acres of land for himself, and fifty for every servant; paying only an acknowledgment of a half-penny per acre. The settlement of the English colonies was accidentally favorable to the rights of man. While prerogative was urged in England, and the people there were abridged of many of their civil and religous rights, the proprietors of colonies established free constitutions, to allure settlers. The seeds of liberty were thus, from a principle of avarice, planted in the soil of Carolina, and grew up, producing fruit worthy of a nobler origin.

HE proprietors by virtue of their patent claimed all the lands of Carolina, and also jurisdiction over all who had settled on them. The settlers, in Albemarle, were put under the general superintendence of Sir William Berkeley, governor of Virginia. He repaired to the country, confirmed the settlers in their lands, on the condition published by the proprietors, appointed civil officers, authorized the calling of a general assembly, and appointed Mr. Drummond their governor. The inhabitants of Albemarle were not well pleased with the new order of things. They petitioned that they might be allowed to hold their lands, on the same terms as lands were held in Virginia. This petition was not immediately granted, and the settlers revolted from the government of the proprietors, for nearly two years: but they returned to their duty, on receiving assurances that their petition was granted, and that Samuel Stephens, who, in 1677, had been appointed governor, was instructed to grant the lands in Albemarle, on the same terms as lands were usually granted in Virginia. A constitution was at the same time fixed, for the government of the infant colony. A general assembly was to be constituted, which was to consist of the governor, twelve councillors, and twelve delegates, annually chosen by the freeholders. The governor was to be appointed by the proprietors. Half the council was to be chosen by the governor, and half by the assembly. No taxes were to be imposed, without the consent of the assembly.

Whilst these events were taking place, respecting the settlement in Albemarle, the settlers about Cape Fear were formed into a distinct county, by the name of Clarendon. John Yeamans, a respectable planter, from Barbadoes, was created a baronet, and appointed commander-in

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chief of this more recent establishment. The country, now called North Carolina, was in fact formed into two distinct colonies, Albemarle and Clarendon, with a governor to each; but this subdivision was of short duration. In 1669, the proprietors turned their chief attention to a part of their patent, more to the southward than either; and, in 1670, commenced settlements at Beaufort, and, in the year following, on the banks of the Ashley. These eventuated in the establishment of a separate colony, to which the distinguishing epithet of "South" was added. Sir John Yeamans was translated to the government of this southern establishment. Clarendon and Albemarle were consolidated, and formed the germ of the present State of North Carolina.

N 1665, the proprietors, still in high favor with Charles, obtained a new patent with much larger privileges. Their territory was now, without regard to Spanish claims, extended to the Pacific, while they were empowered to create titles and orders of nobility. This appears to have been preparatory to a new constitution for the colony. It was undertaken by the Earl of Shaftesbury, who employed upon it Locke, the illustrious philosopher.

This constitution never had any practical existence, and for the plain reason, that it was totally unfit for the country and people for which it was framed. A series of temporary laws were established. But the people formed a simple code better adapted to their situation than the magnificent scheme of Locke, and soon gave evidence of their love of self-government.

Miller, who acted as administrator and collector of the revenue, not giving the people satisfaction, they rose in a body, imprisoned him and most of the council, seized the public funds, appointed magistrates and judges, called a parliament, and, in short, took all the authority into their own hands. Culpepper, their leader, went to England to plead their cause; but he was arrested and tried for treason. Shaftesbury, by his eloquence and popular influence, secured his acquittal, pleading that there had been no regular government in Albemarle, so that these disorders could only be considered as contests among the several planters.

The proprietors now sent out Seth Sothel, one of their number, to assume the office of governor. He arrived in the colony in 1683. His principal object seemed to be to advance his own fortune, without regard to the interests of the proprietors or the colonists. After various arbitrary measures tending to excite discontent, he was deposed and tried by the

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