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party shall have deen duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

SEC. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

ARTICLE XIV.

SECTION 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

SEC. 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.

SEC. 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Con

podrán existir en los Estados Unidos, ni en ningún lugar sujeto á su jurisdicción.

SEC. II. El Congreso queda facultado para hacer cumplir este artículo por medio de leyes opor

tunas.

ARTÍCULO XIV.

SECCIÓN I. Todas las personas nacidas ó naturalizadas en los Estados Unidos, sujetas á su jurisdicción, son ciudadanos de los Estados Unidos y del Estado en

que residen. Los Estados no podrán dictar ni hacer cumplir ninguna ley que restrinja las prerogativas o inmunidades de los ciudadanos de los Estados Unidos; tampoco podrán privar á ninguna persona de la vida, la libertad ó los bienes de fortuna, sin el debido procedimiento legal, ni negar á nadie en su jurisdicción la igual protección de las leyes.

SEC. II. Los representantes se distribuirán proporcionalmente entre los Estados según sus respectivos censos, contándose en cada Estado el número total de personas, con exclusión de los indios que no pagan contribuciones. Pero si se negare el derecho de votar en las elecciones de Presidente, Vicepresidente ó Representantes en el Congreso de los Estados Unidos, ó en las de los funcionarios del ramo ejecutivo ó judicial de un Estado, 6 miembros de su Legislatura, á cualquier habitante varon de dicho Estado, siendo de veintiún años de edad y ciudadano de los Estados Unidos, ó se restringiere de cualquier modo ese derecho, á menos que sea por complicidad en la rebelión, ú otro delito, se reducirá entonces la base de la representación del Estado en la proporción que guarde el número de esos ciudadanos, con el total de ciudadanos varones de veintiún años de edad que haya en el mismo Estado.

SEC. III. Las personas que habiendo prestado juramento de sos

gress, or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previoulsy taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability.

SEC. 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void.

SEC. 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.

ARTICLE XV.

SECTION 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

SEC. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

tener la Constitución federal, sea como miembros del Congreso,como empleados de los Estados Unidos, como miembros de alguna Legislatura, ó como funcionarios ejecutivos ó judiciales de un Estado, hubieren tomado parte después en alguna insurrección ó rebelión contra los mismos Estados Unidos, ó hubieren dado ayuda y socorro á sus enemigos, no podrán ser Senadores ó Representantes en el Congreso, ó Electores del Presidente y Vicepresidente, ni obtener ningún empleo civil ó militar de la federación, ni de ningún Estado. Pero el Congreso por el voto de las dos terceras partes de cada Cámara, puede remover esa incapacidad.

SEC. IV. No podrá cuestionarse la validez de la deuda pública de los Estados Unidos autorizada por ley, comprendiéndose en ella las deudas contraídas para pagar pensiones y premios por servicios prestados para sofocar la insurrección ó rebelión. Pero ni los Estados Unidos, ni ningún Estado en particular, reconocerán ó pagarán ninguna deuda ú obligación contraída para fomentar la insurrección ó rebelión contra los Estados Unidos, ni ninguna reclamación por la pérdida ó emancipación de los esclavos, debiéndose tener todas las deudas, obligaciones ó reclamaciones de esa procedencia como ilegales y nulas.

SEC. V. El Congreso queda facultado para hacer cumplir las disposiciones de este artículo por medio de leyes oportunas.

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THE UNITED MEXICAN STATES.

HISTORICAL NOTES.

Mexico, also called the Republic of Mexico and the Mexican Republic, is a union of States, Districts, and Territories, organized on the same plan as that of the United States of America.

Its official name in Spanish is "Los Estados Unidos Mexicanos," usually translated into English as "The United Mexican States."

The States are twenty-seven, the names of which, alphabetically arranged, are: Aguascalientes, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, México, Michoacán, Morelos, Nuevo León, Oaxaca, Puebla, Querétaro, San Luis Potosí, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Yucatán, Zacatecas.

The Territories are two, respectively named: Tepic and Lower California (Baja California in Spanish).

The Federal District comprises, as the District of Columbia does in the United States of America, that portion of the Mexican territory where the seat of the national government is established. The city of Mexico, the capital of this District, is also the capital of the Union.

The uprising on the night of the 16th of September, 1810, at the town of Dolores, under the leadership of the town's curate, Don MIGUEL HIDALGO, against the authority of Spain in Mexico, at the cry of "Long live Religion! Long live our Most Holy Mother of Guadalupe! Long live America! Death to bad governments!" was the first serious movement in the list of events which culminated in the independence of Mexico.

The first Mexican Congress (Congreso de Anahuac) met at Chilpancingo on the 14th of September, 1813, and on the 6th of November following solemnly proclaimed the independence of Mexico.

On October 22, 1814, the first Mexican Constitution was promulgated. It created a Republic, and vested the executive power in three persons to be elected by Congress. It was called "the Apatzingán Constitution," from the name of the place where it was signed and proclaimed. The triumvirs elected were Don José María Liceaga, Don José María Morelos, and Don José María Cos.

On February 24, 1821, the Iguala platform (plan de Iguala) was proclaimed. It provided that Mexico (New Spain) should be an independent monarchy under an Emperor, the crown to be offered first to King Ferdinand VII of Spain, and then, if he failed to accept it, to some other princes. Seventeen months afterwards Don AGUSTÍN DE ITURBIDE, who was the commander in chief of the army created by this "plan," became Emperor of Mexico, and was crowned on Sunday, the 21st of July, 1822.

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On the 2d of December following a revolutionary movement at Veracruz, headed by Gen. Don ANTONIO LÓPEZ DE SANTA ANA, proclaimed a republican form of government, and compelled ITURBIDE to abdicate and leave the country.

The ex-Emperor, having returned to Mexico, was arrested, condemned to death, and executed July 19, 1824, just five days after landing.

The second Constitution of Mexico (Constitución de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos), promulgated on October 4, 1824, established a Federal Republic similar to the United States of America.

The first President under this Constitution was Gen. Don GUADALUPE VICTORIA, who took the oath of office on October 10, 1824.

Great Britain and the United States of America recognized Mexico as an independent Republic in 1825. Spain delayed its recognition until the 28th of December, 1836.

On the 1st of January, 1837, a new Constitution was promulgated. It rejected the federal principle, and reduced the States to the condition. of provinces or "departmentos," subject to the central government; but the republican form of government was preserved.

On May 15, 1856, President COMONFORT, acting under the provisions of the Ayutla platform (plan de Ayutla), as amended at Acapulco, promulgated the Constitution which was called "Provisional Organic Statute of the Mexican Republic" (Estatuto Orgánico Provisional de la República Mexicana).

This statute was superseded on February 5, 1857, by the present "Political Constitution of the Mexican Republic" (Constitución Politica de la República Mexicana).

LIST OF IMPORTANT BOOKS TO BE CONSULTED IN REFERENCE TO THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED MEXICAN STATES.

AROSEMENA, JUSTO. Estudios constitucionales sobre los Gobiernos de la América latina. Paris, 1878.

CASTILLO DE Velazo, José deL. Derecho constitucional.

CORONADO, MARIANO. Derecho constitucional.

GAMBOA, J. M. Leyes constitucionales.

México, 1871.

Guadalaxara, 1899.

MONTIEL Y DUARTE. Derecho público mexicano. México, 1871.

MORENO CORA, SILVESTRE. El juicio de amparo.

RODRIGUEZ, F. Derecho constitucional.

RUIZ, EDUARDO. Derecho constitucional. México. 1888.

TORRE, JUAN DE LA. Constitución mexicana.

México, 1904.

TOVAR, PANTALEÓN. Historia parlamentaria del cuarto congreso constituyente. México, 1872.

VALLARTA, IGNACIO L. Juicio de amparo y Votos. México, 1895.

ZARCO, FRANCISCO. Historia del Congreso constituyente. México, 1857.

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