by the Rev. Joseph Wood and the Rev. C. W. Wendte; The Outlook, by the Rev. W. C. Bowie; Religious Thought in England at the Close of the Nineteenth Century, by the Rev. E. A. Armstrong; Liberal Thought Within the Dutch Reformed Churches, by Prof. Eerdman, of Leyden; Switzerland Three Centuries after Calvin, by Prof. Montet, of Geneva; The Movement in Catholic France, by Prof. Bonet-Maury; The Religious Crisis of our Age, by Prof. Fliederer, of Berlin; Wordsworth's Ideals and the Nineteenth Century, by the Rev. P. H. Wickersteed; The Liberal Movement in Italy, by the Rev. Tony Andre; The Position of Religious Parties in Hungary, by Prof. G. Boros; Hungarian Folk-Lore, by the Rev. N. Jozan; and Church and State in America, by the Rev. C. W. Wendte.

UNITED BRETHREN CHURCH. I. The following is a summary of the statistics of the United Brethren Church for 1900, as officially published in its Year-Book: Number of annual conferences, 45, with 3 mission districts; of organized churches, 4,251; of bishops, 4; of itinerant ministers, 1,955; of local preachers, 438; of members, 244,667; of Sunday-schools, 3,564, with 35,996 officers and teachers and 260,333 pupils; of Young People's Christian Union Societies, 1,632, with 64,965 members; of church-houses, 3,298, having an estimated value of $5,908,178; of parsonages, 768, valued at $779,153; amount of contributions for all purposes, $1,550,447, of which $84,777 were for missions ($16,402 for woman's missions), $17,546 for church erection, $2,193 for beneficiary education, $30,656 for colleges, academies, and the seminary, $5,058 for preachers' aid, $690,650 for preachers' salaries, and $8,435 for the support of the bishops.

The trustees of the publishing house returned cash receipts for the year of $241,817, profits of $22,527, and a valuation of assets of $303,180. The profits for three years and nine months had been $83,087. The institution had been freed from interest-bearing debt.

The Sunday School Board returned a balance of $1,500 in its treasury, and reported concerning the distribution of $193 of Sunday-school literature to needy city mission Sunday-schools in the United States and foreign countries. It had expended $12,646 in the past four years.

The Board of Education had aided 66 licentiates, with an expenditure of $4,695. Several colleges had reduced or canceled their debts. The board reported to the General Conference that an increase in the beneficiary work had taken place during the past four years, that the receipts for that time had been $17,007, and the expenditures $16,002, while the fund had been increased by $7,360. More than $48,000 had been raised for the Beneficiary Educational fund since its founding, and 374 students had been aided at 10 schools and in Germany. The schools (1 theological school, 8 colleges and universities, and 4 academies and seminaries) returned 144 teachers and 2,661 students, 26 buildings, and property valued at $900,929. A training-school in Africa had 3 teachers and 18 students, and other African schools. 6 teachers and 393 students.

The Church Erection Society reported $10.631 collected from 62 churches, 22 mortgages lifted from off church-houses, and $13.309 of new funds secured, which, with the loans collected, made an aggregate of $23,940 of receipts. Loans had been made of $26.750 to 38 churches, and $1,350 to 5 parsonages. During the past four years the Permanent fund had increased from $45.157 to $66.508. The cases aided during that period represented property valued at more than $300,000.

Since the organization of the board. 338 churches and 5 parsonages had been aided, securing more than $1,000,000 of property to the denomination. The total receipts of the Missionary Society for the year had been $91,764, while $21,231 had been expended upon the foreign field and a total amount of $85,878 had been paid out for all purposes. The debt had been reduced to $19,846. The board reported to the General Conference that in the four years past 36 new missions had been opened in the home department, 69 churches organized, and 49 new churches and 21 parsonages erected. The mission work in Germany comprised 11 charges, 26 classes, 20 organized churches, 12 ministers, 1,013 members, and 9 church buildings. The work in West Africa, which had had to be restored after the disturbances that had prevailed, included 7 charges, 122 appointments, 358 pupils in Sunday-schools and 393 in day-schools, an annual attendance of 50.502 at preaching services and 13,785 at class-meetings. and buildings valued at $17,000. A well-organized and efficient mission was sustained in Japan, and a congregation had been organized in Ponce, Porto Rico. The missionary income for the past four years to the general and the conference treasuries had been $219,390. The income from thank-offerings and the Twentieth Century fund had been $15,977. The Woman's Missionary Association had received $25,869 and expended $18,224 during the year.

The General Conference met in Frederick City. Md., May 9. The occasion marking the centenary of the denomination, the place of its origin was chosen for holding the anniversary General Conference. Special centennial services were held, at which addresses were delivered on the history and life of the denomination, including one on Philip William Otterbein and his colaborers in founding the church, and special pilgrimages were made to sites in Frederick City and Baltimore associated with its beginnings, where other memorial address es were made. Among the acts of the General Conference was the adoption of a measure providing for equal ministerial and lay delegation in the body on a scale rising from 1 representative of each order, to be sent by conferences having less than 1,000 members, to 7 ministerial and 7 lay delegates from conferences having 20,000 members or more. The course of ministerial study was revised. Provision was made for an old people's home and an orphanage. Legislation relative to deaconesses included the designation of a course of study, directions concerning the manner of appointment of deaconesses and their ordination, the definition of their duties, and regulations for the establishment of deaconess homes. Bishop J. S. Mills, E. B. Kephart, J. W. Hott, and N. Castle were reelected for the ensuing term of four years.

II. United Brethren in Christ (Old Constitution).-The following is a summary of the sta tistics of the United Brethren Church, Old Constitution, as given in its Calendar and Year-Book for 1901: Number of annual conferences, 31: of conference appointments, 985; of organized churches, 817; of itinerant ministers, 471; of local preachers, 199; of members, 26,643; of Sundayschools, 594, with 5,197 officers and teachers and 31,297 pupils; of churches, 479, having an esti mated value of $508,043; of parsonages, 71, valued at $42.425. Twenty-seven new churches were built in 1900, at a cost of $24,706. Whole amount of contributions, $148,079, of which $12,429 were for missions ($2,874 for woman's missions), $2.436 for education, $480 for church erection, $603 for preachers' aid, $64,367 for salaries of

preachers and presiding elders, and $2,663 for the bishops. The Church has 4 bishops, a publishing house at Huntington, Ind., where a weekly journal, a monthly missionary magazine, and Sunday-school periodicals and helps are published, and Central College, at Huntington, Ind. The Home, Frontier, and Foreign Missionary Society and the Woman's Missionary Association sustain home missions at about 100 stations, frontier missions in 12 mission conferences, with more than 100 preaching places, and a foreign mission in Africa. The business of the Church Erection Society is managed by the Board of Missions. A permanent fund of about $8,000 has been secured.

The General Conference, held at Chambersburg, Pa., in May, was attended by about 65 delegates from the annual conferences in the United States and Ontario, and by the superintendent of the mission in the Imperi country, West Africa. The division of the United Brethren arose out of the action of the General Conference of 1889 (see the Annual Cyclopædia for 1889) in adopting a new constitution and a revised Confession of Faith in a manner which a dissenting minority held to be invalid in consequence of failure to observe precisely the steps prescribed in the constitution of the Church. This minority withdrew and organized themselves as the real General Conference, claiming to represent the true United Brethren Church. Several lawsuits have arisen over disputes concerning titles to property, but no decision has been rendered as yet which is accepted as final. The United Brethren of the Old Constitution affirm that the number of their adherents is much larger than the statistical tables appear to show, many of them being isolated in communities where the majority branch controls the churches. Reports made to the General Conference show that of the $1,000,000 of property held by the Church, nine-tenths have been accumulated since the division in 1889. The only debt is a comparatively small one on the publishing establishment. Besides the college at Huntington, Ind., educational institutions have been established in Oregon and Washington. A surplus was returned in the treasury of the Foreign Missionary Society. Endowment funds to different institutions were being sent in liberally, and interest in church enterprises was growing. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, a federal republic in North America. The legislative power is vested in the Congress, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. There are 90 Senators, 2 from each State, elected by the State Legislatures for six years, one-third being renewed every second year. The House of Representatives has 357 members, elected for two years by the ballots of all qualified voters in the congressional districts of each State, in most States by universal adult male suffrage. The executive power is vested in the President, who is commander-in-chief of the military and naval forces, can lay before Congress projects of legislation, is empowered to make treaties, subject to the ratifying vote of the Senate, has the power of veto over acts of Congress, which can be overcome by a vote of two-thirds of each house, commissions the officers of the army and navy, and appoints the civil officials of the Government, subject to confirmation by the Senate. The VicePresident is President of the Senate, and in case of the death, resignation, or removal of the President, he succeeds the latter for the remainder of the term. In case of the death or disability of both President and Vice-President, the Secretary of State becomes acting President, and after him

other members of the Cabinet in their order. The Senate, sitting as a high court, can remove the President or members of the Cabinet on articles of impeachment presented by the House of Representatives. The President and Vice-President are chosen by a college of electors, who are chosen in each State in the manner that the Legislature prescribes, which is in every State by popular suffrage, their number being equal to the sum of the Senators and Representatives of the State in Congress. It has become the custom of political parties to nominate in national convention their candidates for the presidency and vicepresidency, and the electors, chosen in each State on a collective ticket, are accustomed to vote solidly for the candidates designated by their parties beforehand. Thus the election of the President and Vice-President has come to be in reality, though not in form, by the direct vote of the nation. The term of the presidency is four years. Elections are held on the Tuesday following the first Monday in November of every leap year. The President-elect is sworn into office by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court on March 4 of the year succeeding his election. The President for the term ending March 4, 1905, was William McKinley, of Ohio, elected in 1900 for the second time. The Vice-President was Theodore Roosevelt, of New York. The following were the members of the President's Cabinet at the beginning of 1901: Secretary of State, John Hay, of the District of Columbia; Secretary of the Treasury, Lyman J. Gage, of Illinois; Secretary of War, Elihu Root, of New York; Secretary of the Navy, John Davis Long, of Massachusetts; PostmasterGeneral, C. Emory Smith, of Pennsylvania; Secretary of the Interior, Ethan Allen Hitchcock, of Missouri; Secretary of Agriculture, James Wilson, of Iowa; Attorney-General, John William Griggs, of New Jersey.

On Sept. 6, while holding a public reception in the Temple of Music of the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo, President McKinley was shot by an anarchist, who had concealed a revolver in a handkerchief wound round his hand like a bandage and fired two shots before he was seized. One bullet glanced off from the breast-bone; the other penetrated the abdomen. On Sept. 14 Mr. McKinley died from gangrene poisoning, which started from the wound in the stomach. VicePresident Roosevelt, who had hastened to Buffalo when the President was shot, and left for the Adirondack mountains when he was pronounced out of danger, returned and was sworn in as President the same day. The assassin was convicted of murder on Sept. 26, his trial lasting three days, and was executed in Auburn prison on Oct. 29. Mr. Roosevelt announced that he would follow out the policy which President McKinley had pursued for the good of the country, and he requested the members of the Cabinet to remain in office. No change in the Cabinet occurred until Charles Emory Smith, on Dec. 27, resigned his post. President Roosevelt at once appointed Henry C. Payne, of Wisconsin, to succeed him as Postmaster-General.

Area and Population.-The land area of the States and Territories is 2,939,000 square miles, exclusive of 31,000 square miles in the Indian Territory and of Alaska, which has about 531,000 square miles, and Hawaii, the area of which is 6,640 square miles, making the total area 3,507,640 square miles, exclusive of Porto Rico, which has an area of 3.600 square miles, and of the Philippine and Sulu Islands, with an area of 11,400 square miles, Guam, with an area of 200 square miles, and Tutuila and the smaller islands of the

Samoan group belonging to the United States, whose area is 79 square miles.

The urban population, counting only inhabitants of cities of 25,000 or over, increased from 14,855,489 in 1890 to 19,694,625 in 1900. Cities of 200,000 population or over numbered 16 in 1890, when Brooklyn and New York were separate cities, and 19 in 1900, although these two cities were merged into one, and the combined population of cities of this class increased from 8,879,105 to 11,795,809; cities of 100,000 to 200,000 increased in number from 12 to 19, and their population from 1,808,656 to 2,412,538; cities of 50,000 to 100,000 increased from 30, with 2,067,169 inhabitants, to 40, with 2,709,338; and cities between 25,000 and 50,000 increased from 66, with 2,100,559 inhabitants, to 81, with 2,776,940 inhabitants. The population of the principal cities in 1900 was: New York, 3,437,202; Chicago, 1,698,575; Philadelphia, 1,293,697; St. Louis, 575,238; Boston, 560,892; Baltimore, 508,957; Cleveland, 381,768; Buffalo, 352,219; San Francisco, 342,782; Cincinnati, 325,902; Pittsburg, 321,616; New Orleans, 287,104; Detroit, 285,704; Milwaukee, 285,315; Washington, 278,718; Newark, 246,070; Jersey City, 206,433; Louisville, 204,731; Minneapolis, 202,718; Providence, 175,597; Indianapolis, 169,164; Kansas City, 163,752; St. Paul, 163,632; Rochester, 162,435; Denver, 138,859; Toledo, 131,822; Allegheny, 129,896; Columbus, 125,560; Syracuse, 108,374; Paterson, 105,171; Omaha, 102,555; Scranton, 102,026; Albany, 94,151; Portland, 90,426; Atlanta, 89,872; Dayton, 85,333; Richmond, 85,050; Nashville, 80,865; Hartford, 79,850; Wilmington, 76,508; Trenton, 73,307; Bridgeport, 70,996; Oakland, 66,960; Hoboken, 59,364; Evansville, 59,007; Manchester, 56,987; Peoria, 56,100; Charleston, 55,807; Salt Lake City, 53,531; Wilkesbarre, 51,721.

Immigration.-The number of immigrants who arrived in the United States during the year ending June 30, 1901, was 487,918, of whom 135,996 came from Italy, 113,390 from Austria-Hungary, 85,257 from Russia and Finland, 30,561 from Ireland, 23,331 from Sweden, 21,651 from Germany, 12,248 from Norway, 12,214 from England, 7,155 from Roumania, 5,910 from Greece, 5,782 from Turkey in Asia, 5,269 from Japan, 4,165 from Portugal and the Cape Verde and Azore islands, 3,655 from Denmark, 3,176 from the West Indies, 3,150 from France and Corsica, 2,459 from China, 2,349 from the Netherlands, 2,201 from Switzerland, 2,070 from Scotland, 1,579 from Belgium, 701 from Wales, 657 from Servia, Bulgaria, and Montenegro, 592 from Spain and the Canary and Balearic islands, 540 from British North America, 387 from Turkey in Europe, 347 from Mexico, 325 from Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand, 203 from South America, 173 from Africa, 140 from the Philippine Islands, 130 from Central American republics, 27 from Pacific islands, 22 from India, 20 from British Honduras, 6 from Hawaii, and 80 from other countries. The total immigration into the United States from 1820 to the end of 1901 was 20,253,073, and from 1789 to 1820 the number is estimated to have been 250,000. Of the immigrants who arrived in 1901, the number who came through the port of New York was 388,931; through Baltimore, 17,216; through Boston, 25,616; through Philadelphia, 13.236; through San Francisco, 3,655; through other ports, 39,264. Of the total number, 161,938 were laborers, 3,035 farmers, 42,027 domestic servants, 6,508 carpenters, 3.629 miners, 3,108 clerks, 9,609 tailors, 5,451 shoemakers, 2,613 blacksmiths, 2,192 bakers. 4.232 seamstresses and dressmakers, 3,414 masons, 4,695 sailors, 6,589 merchants, dealers, and gro

cers, and 2,665 professional persons. The number having miscellaneous occupations was 272,064: of no occupation, including dependent women and children, 148,686; occupation not stated, 3,469. Education. The public schools of the United States in 1900 had 15,341,220 pupils enrolled, being 20.38 per cent. of the total population, and 10,513,518 in average daily attendance. The number of teachers was 421,288. In public primary and grammar-schools there were 14,821,969 pupils, and in private schools of the same grades 1,240,925 pupils, making a total of 16,062,894 children attending elementary schools. In public high schools and academies the number of pupils was 530,425, and in private academies 188,816, making the total number in secondary schools 719,241. City evening schools were attended by about 190,000 persons. In public normal schools there were 47,421, and in private normal schools 22.179 pupils; total in normal schools, 69,593. Private business schools and colleges had 91,549 students. The public universities and colleges had 34.177 students, and private universities and colleges had 76,735; total number of students, 110,912. There were 480 universities and colleges in the United States, having 12,664 male and 1,816 fe male professors and instructors and 124,365 male and 36,856 female students, of whom 32,399 males and 15,259 females were in the preparatory departments, 57,886 males and 19,199 females in the collegiate departments, 4,756 males and 1,377 females in the graduate departments, and 29,324 males and 1,021 females in the professional de partments. The income of all the institutions was $20,836,488, of which $8,375,793 came from tuition fees, $6,110,653 from productive funds. and $4,386,040 from Government, State, or munici pal appropriations. The number of bound volumes in the libraries was 7,876,073; value of scientific apparatus, $15,136,181; value of grounds and buildings, $136,336,871; productive funds. $147,385,821; benefactions, $10,840,084. The number of students in public professional schools in 1900 was 9,470, and in private professional schools 48,600; total, 58,070. There were 154 theological schools, with 994 professors and 8,009 students: 96 law schools, with 1,004 professors and 12,516 students; 121 medical colleges of the regular school, with 3,545 professors and 22,752 students. 22 homeopathic colleges, with 735 professors and 1,909 students; 54 dental schools, with 1,118 professors and 7,928 students; 53 schools of pharmacy, with 493 professors and 4,042 students; 432 training-schools for nurses, with 11,164 students; and 13 veterinary schools, with 124 professors and 362 students. The Government Indian schools had 21,568 pupils and the schools of the 5 civilized tribes had 10,499. In Alaska, the Government had schools with 1,753 pupils. In private kindergarten schools were about 95.000 pupils. The schools for art, music, etc., had about 50,000. In orphan asylums and other benevolent institutions about 15,000 children were taught. The number in the public reform schools was 23.901. In public deaf-and-dumb schools there were 10,563, and in private schools 478 pupils; in public schools for the blind there were 4,021; in public schools for the feeble-minded there were 9.762. and in private asylums 425 pupils.

The Army. The United States army in September, 1901, consisted of 84,513 officers and men, of whom 33,874 were in the United States, 43,239 in the Philippines, 4,914 in Cuba, 1,541 in Porto Rico, 256 in the Hawaiian Islands, 527 in Alaska, and 162 in China. During the three years ending June 30, 1901, there served in the Philippine Islands 3,477 officers and 108,800 enlisted men, of whom

61.275 officers and men were regulars and 50,002 volunteers. Of the total number, 619 were killed in action and 219 died of wounds. The total percentage of deaths was less than 3.5, and that of desertions 4.3 per cent. The number of noncommissioned officers who received commissions was 200. Of the soldiers mustered out 81 per cent. made no claim for injuries received in the service, and out of 4,168 claims only 485 were allowed, of which 83 were found to be based on injuries not received in the service. The claims allowed amounted to only 3 per cent. of the total number of enlistments. Of the soldiers in the Philippines on Sept. 23, 1901, about half were enlisted for terms that expire before July, 1902. Adjutant-Gen. Corbin recommended the gradual withdrawal of many of the troops in the islands, but the recrudescence of rebellion in Samar and other parts of the archipelago convinced Gen. Chaffee, commander-in-chief of the military division of the Philippines, that the strength of the army there must not yet be reduced. The total number of enlistments and reenlistments during 1901 was 30,622, of which 26,267 were of nativeborn Americans, 378 of Porto Ricans, and 3,977 of aliens. Of the applicants for enlistment, 74 per cent. were rejected.

Lieut.-Gen. Nelson A. Miles was in chief command under the President of the United States army in 1901. The department of the Philippines was created into a division in 1901, under the command of Major-Gen. Adna R. Chaffee. MajorGen. Loyd Wheaton commanded the department of the north Philippines, embracing all that portion of the archipelago lying north of a line passing southeastwardly through the west pass of Apo, or Mindoro Strait, to 12° of north latitude, thence east along that parallel to 124° 10' east of Greenwich, but including the whole of Masbate island; thence north to San Bernardino straits. The department of the south Philippines, consisting of all the islands lying south of that line, was commanded by Brig.-Gen. James F. Wade. Major-Gen. S. B. M. Young was in command of the department of California, embracing California, Nevada, and the Hawaiian Islands; Col. J. M. J. Sanno commanded the department of Colorado, embracing Colorado, Utah, and the Territories of Arizona and New Mexico; Brig. Gen. G. M. Randall commanded the department of the Columbia, embracing Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and the Territory of Alaska; Brig.-Gen. Leonard Wood commanded the department of Cuba; Major-Gen. J. R. Brooke commanded the department of the East, embracing the New England States, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, the District of Columbia, West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Porto Rico; Major-Gen. Elwell S. Otis commanded the department of the Lakes, embracing Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee; Brig. Gen. J. C. Bates commanded the department of the Missouri, embracing Iowa, Nebraska, Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas, the Indian Territory, and the Territory of Oklahoma; and Col. J. N. Wheelan commanded the department of Texas, embracing the State of Texas. The officers attached to the War Department were Major-Gen. Henry C. Corbin, Adjutant-General; Brig. Gen. Joseph C. Breckinridge, Inspector-General; Brig.Gen. M. I. Ludington, Quartermaster-General; Brig. Gen. John F. Weston, Commissary-General of Subsistence; Brig. Gen. George M. Sternberg, Surgeon-General; Brig.-Gen. A. E. Bates, Paymaster-General; Brig. Gen. George L. Gillespie,

Chief of Engineers; Brig.-Gen. William Crozier, Chief of Ordnance; Brig.-Gen. George W. Davis, Chief Advocate-General; Brig.-Gen. Adolphus W. Greely, Chief Signal Officer; Brig.-Gen. F. C. Ainsworth, Chief Record and Pension Officer; Col. T. A. Bingham, Superintendent of Buildings. The general officers on regular service are Lieut.Gen. Nelson A. Miles; Major-Gens. John R. Brooke, Elwell S. Otis, Samuel B. M. Young, Adna R. Chaffee, Arthur MacArthur, and Loyd Wheaton, and Brig.-Gens. James F. Wade, John C. Bates, George W. Davis, Samuel S. Sumner, Leonard Wood, Robert P. Hughes, George M. Randall, William A. Kobbe, Frederick D. Grant, J. Franklin Bell, Frederick Funston, and W. H. Bisbee. The regular army is recruited by enlistment for three years. It is composed of 30 regiments of infantry, including 2 negro regiments, each regiment containing 3 battalions of 4 companies; 15 regiments of cavalry, including 2 negro regiments, each regiment containing 3 sections, each having 4 troops of 100 men; 1 corps of artillery containing 156 batteries, of which 30 are mounted, mounted batteries of 6 3.2-inch breechloading guns, having 162 men, the others 109 men; 3 battalions of engineers; a hospital corps; a detachment of mechanicians; and the detachment of the United States Military Academy. The infantry weapon is the Krag-Jörgensen repeating rifle of the model of 1892, with a caliber of 7.62 millimeters, or the Lee model of 1893. The cavalry carry sabers, Krag-Jörgensen carbines of 7.62 caliber, and Colt revolvers. army in 1900 consisted of 863 officers of the general staff, including 129 engineer officers, 11 officers of the signal corps, and 192 officers of the medical department; 1,420 men attached to the staff, including 250 serving at the Military Academy, 700 of the mechanical detachment, 100 commissary sergeants, 105 telegraphist sergeants, 75 electrician sergeants, and 863 on recruiting service; 1,530 officers and 55,080 men in 360 companies of infantry; 765 officers and 18,540 men in 180 troops of cavalry; 663 officers and 18,920 men in 126 battalions of foot-artillery and 30 mounted batteries; 2,002 men in 12 companies of engineers; 760 men attached to the signal service; 3,203 men in the hospital service; and 75 Indian scouts, making a total of 3,821 officers and 100,000 enlisted men.

The

Every male citizen of the United States between the ages of eighteen and forty-five is by law a member of the militia of his State. The organized militia of the several States is composed of men who join voluntarily, and these are obliged to drill, usually weekly in the armories, and sometimes to go into camp annually, and are liable to be called into service by the Governor for the suppression of internal disturbances or in any military emergency. The State of New York in 1901 had enrolled in the National Guard 14,410 men, besides 650 in the naval militia; Pennsylvania, 9,387 men, besides 109 in the naval militia; Illinois, 6,690 men, besides 59 in the naval militia; Massachusetts, 6,249 men, besides 536 in the naval militia; Indiana, 4,140 men; New Jersey, 4,017 men, besides 361 in the naval militia; California, 3,732 men, besides 405 in the naval militia; Michigan, 3,061 men, besides 225 in the naval militia; Alabama, about 3.000 men; Texas, about 3,000 men; Ohio, 1 division; Mississippi, 1 division; Wisconsin, 2,758 men; Connecticut, 2,688 men, besides 211 in the naval militia; Iowa, 2,475 men; Virginia, 2.400 men; Missouri, 2.460 men; South Carolina, 2,173 men, besides 224 in the naval militia; Minnesota, 2.079 men; New Hampshire, 1 brigade; West Virginia, about 2,000 men;

North Caroline, 1,800 men, besides 246 in the naval militia; Kentucky, 1,800 men; Louisiana, 1,794 men, besides 352 in the naval militia; Nebraska, 1,541 men; Tennessee, 1,500 men; Oregon, 1,497 men; Maine, 1,316 men, besides 49 in the naval militia; Kansas, 1,271 men; Florida, 1,247 men, besides 154 in the naval militia; Rhode Island, 1,242 men, besides 193 in the naval militia; Colorado, 1,170 men; Arkansas, 1,080 men; Washington, about 1,000 men; Oklahoma, about 1,000 men; Arizona, 1 regiment; Vermont, 756 men; South Dakota, 711 men; North Dakota, 692 men; Utah, 500 men; Idaho, 500 men; New Mexico, 500 men; Wyoming, 1 battalion; Delaware, 384 men; Montana, 325 men; Nevada, 148 men; Georgia, 128 naval militia. The total numerical strength of the organized militia in 1900 was 8,246 officers and 113,967 men. The total fighting strength of the United States, including all ablebodied men within the military ages, exceeds 10,000,000 men.

The Navy. The vessels of the new navy have been built since 1892. All the battle-ships except the Texas, of 6,315 tons, the oldest of them, are of the first class, having a displacement of over 10,000 tons and a speed of over 15 knots, carrying in their turrets 12-inch or 13-inch guns, and having 11-inch Krupp armor on the newest ones, 16-inch Harvey armor on those launched in 1898, and 18-inch armor on the earliest large ships, launched in 1893. These are the Oregon, of 11,000 tons, and the Indiana and Iowa, of 10,810 tons, each carrying 4 13-inch, 8 8-inch, 4 6-inch quickfiring, and 20 6-pounder quick-firing guns. Their speed varies from 15.6 to 16.8 knots. The Iowa, launched in 1896, has 14-inch armor, a displacement of 11,340 tons, a speed of 17.1 knots with engines of 12,105 horse-power, and an armament of 4 12-inch, 4 8-inch, 6 4-inch quick-firers, and 20 6-pounders. The Kearsarge and Kentucky, of 11,525 tons, can steam 17 knots, and are armed with 4 13-inch, 4 8-inch, 14 5-inch quick-firing guns, and 20 6-pounders. The Alabama, Illinois, and Wisconsin, having a displacement of 11,565 tons, engines of 11,500 horse-power in the last and somewhat less in the others, giving an estimated speed of 17 knots and over, carry, besides the 4 13-inch breech-loading guns, 14 6-inch and 16 6-pounder quick-firers. The new Maine, launched July 27, 1901, has a displacement of 12,300 tons, and will be fitted with engines of 16,000 horse-power, capable of making 18 knots with twin propellers, with bunker capacity for 2,000 tons of coal. The length of the vessel is 388 feet, with a breadth of 72 feet 2 inches and a draft of 25 feet 6 inches. The vital parts are protected with Krupp armor tapering from a thickness of 11 inches above the water-line to 7 inches 3 feet below it; the barbettes and turrets have 12-inch, the casemates 6-inch armor, and there is a protective deck 2 inches thick on the armored parts and 3 and 4 inches beyond the armor belt. The armament will consist of 4 12-inch guns in turrets, 16 6-inch quick-firing guns, of which 10 are in broadside casemates and 6 in barbettes fore and aft, 6 3-inch and 8 6pounder quick-firers, and 9 machine guns. There will be 2 torpedo-tubes, both submerged. The Missouri, of the same size, and the Ohio, of 12,440 tons, are of the same design as the Maine. The Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Georgia, of 15,000 tons displacement, and the Virginia and Rhode Island, of 14,600 tons, are planned to have engines of 19,000 horse-power and to steam 19 knots an hour, and their armament is to be, besides the 4 12-inch rifles in the turrets, 8 8-inch, 12 6-inch, and 12 14-pounder rapid-fire guns. The Pennsyl

vania, New Jersey, and Georgia will be sheathed and coppered, as are the new first-class cruisers California, Nebraska, West Virginia, St. Louis, Milwaukee, and Charleston, and all the new seeond-class cruisers. The first-class cruiser New York, launched in 1891, has a displacement of 8,200 tons, 10 inches of armor over the vital parts, engines of 17,400 horse-power, giving a speed of 21 knots, and a battery of 6 8-inch breech-loaders and 12 4-inch and 8 6-pounder quick-firers. The Columbia and Minneapolis, of 7,375 tons, have 18,510 and 20,860 horse-power engines, making 22.8 and 23.1 knots nominal speed, and an armament of 1 8-inch gun and 2 6-inch, 8 4-inch, and 12 6-pounder quick-firers. The Brooklyn, launched in 1895, has a displacement of 9,215 tons, a speed of 21.9 knots with 18,769 horse-power engines, 8inch armor, and an armament of 8 8-inch breechloaders and 12 5-inch and 12 6-pounder quickfirers. The California, Nebraska, West Virginia, Maryland, South Dakota, and Colorado will have a displacement of 13,500 tons, engines of 23,000 horse-power to give a speed of 22 knots, and an armament of 4 8-inch, 14 6-inch, and 18 14pounder rifles, all quick-firing, with 12 3-pounders, 8 1-pounders, 2 3-inch field, 2 machine, and 6 automatic guns. These vessels will have a com plete belt of armor, 8 feet wide, 6 inches at the top, tapering to 5 inches at the bottom. The Charleston, Milwaukee, and St. Louis, of 9,700 tons, will have a belt of 4-inch armor 200 feet long at the water-line and 7 feet wide, surmounted by another of two-thirds its length, and will be fitted with engines of 21,000 horse-power, to make not less than 22 knots an hour. They will carry 14 6-inch and 18 3-inch rapid-fire rifled cannons, 12 3-pounders, 2 3-inch field, 2 machine, and 8 automatic guns. The protected steel cruisers New Orleans and Albany, launched in 1896 and 1899, have 4,000 tons displacement, a speed of 20 knots, and an armament of 6 6-inch, 4 4.7inch, 10 6-pounder, and 8 1-pounder rapid-fire guns. The Chattanooga, Cleveland, Denver, Des Moines, Galveston, and Tacoma, protected cruisers of 3,200 tons, are intended to have a speed of 16 knots, with engines of 4,700 horse-power, and a cruising radius of 7,000 miles at 10 knots, and to carry 10 5-inch quick-firers, supplemented by 8 6-pounders and 2 1-pounders. New monitors for harbor defense are the Arkansas, Florida, Nevada, and Wyoming, having a displacement of 3,235 tons, a speed of 11 knots, and an armament of 2 12-inch breech-loading guns, with 4 4-inch, 3 6-pounder, and 5 1-pounder quick-firers. The protected cruisers Columbia and Minneapolis, displacing 7,375 tons, having 3 sets of triple-expansion engines of 20,000 horse-power (or 23,000 with forced draft), made 22.8 and 23 knots on their trial trips. The destroyer Bainbridge, of 420 tons, built in 1899, having 2 tubes for Whitehead torpedoes and 2 14-pounder and 5 6-pounder rapidfire guns, has a speed of 29 knots. Built on the same model are the Barry, Chauncey, Paul Jones, Macdonough, Perry, Preble, and Stewart. The Dale and Decatur have an estimated speed of 28 knots. The Hopkins has a displacement of 408 tons. The Lawrence, displacing 400 tons, can make 30 knots, and so can the Truxtun and the Whipple and Worden of the same design, having a displacement of 433 tons. The torpedo-boats Bagley, Barney, and Biddle, of 167 tons, carrying 3 3-pounders and fitted with 3 18-inch Whitehead torpedo-tubes, can go 28 knots. The Blakeley, De Long, Shubrick, Stockton, Thornton, and Tingey, of the same size, are designed to make 26 knots; the Wilkes, 264 knots: the Bailey, of 235 tons, has 4 6-pounders and only 2 torpedo-tubes