Free Trade at its Zenith.
a quarter, and labour and other commodities nearly in proportion, there can be no doubt that the stockholder would be benefited unfairly at the expense of the industrious classes of society. twenty years, beginning with 1794, and During the ending with 1813, the average price of wheat was about 83s.; during ten years, ending with 1813, 92s.; and during the last five years of this same twenty, the price was 108s. In the course of these twenty years, government borrowed near £500,000,000 of real capital, exclusive of the sinking fund, at the rate of about five per cent interest. But if corn shall fall to 50s. a quarter, and other commodities in proportion, instead of an interest of five per cent., the government will really pay an interest of seven, eight, and nine, and for the last £200,000,000, of ten per cent. This must be paid by the industrious classes of society, and by the landlords; that is, by all those whose nominal incomes vary with the variations in the measure of value; and if we completely succeed in the reduction of the price of corn and labour, this increased interest must be paid in future from a revenue of about half the nominal value of the national income in 1813. If we consider with what an increased weight the taxes on tea, sugar, malt, soap, candles, &c., would in this case bear on the labouring classes of society, and what proportion of their income all the active, industrious middle orders of the state, as well as the higher orders, must pay, in assessed taxes and the various articles of custom and excise, the pressure will appear to be absolutely intolerable. Indeed, if the measure of value were really to fall as we have supposed, there is great reason to fear that the country would be absolutely unable to continue the payment of the present interest of the national debt."-Malthus's Essays.
This was Mr Malthus's anticipation of the effect of wheat falling to 50s. What would he have said of it at 40s., its present average price? We recommend the concluding paragraph to the notice of the fund-holders, by whose influence the late changes have mainly been introduced.
But let the Free-traders be of good cheer-they have done marvellous things. They have accomplished what
no British statesmen, since the days They have stopped the growth of our of Alfred, have been able to effect. population, and, for the first time for They have sent from two hundred four centuries, rendered it retrograde. people yearly out of the country, for and fifty to three hundred thousand three years, in search of food. They have lowered the Irish circulation of notes a half. one blow, swamped the Poor-law dered rates higher, even with prices Amendment Act in England, and renextremely low, than they ever were in English history. They have extirpated 200,000 cultivators in Ireland. They have cut £80,000,000 a-year off from the remuneration of cultivation market to our manufactures in Great and the encouragement of the home Britain. They have lowered railway property more than a half. have destroyed, at least, a half of the whole commercial and trading wealth of the manufacturing towns. They have made the nation dependant, in two years, for a fourth of its subsisrendered the maintenance of the natence on foreign states. tional independence, if the present system is persisted in, impossible. They have destroyed £100,000,000 They have sown the seeds of revolt in worth of property in the West Indies. Canada, and rendered its separation, at no distant period, from Great Britain a matter of certainty. have repealed the Navigation Laws, and thereby cut off the right arm of laying the seeds of dismemberment in our naval strength. They are fast reduce, if unchecked in their career, our colonial empire. They will soon two islands, oppressed with taxes, the immense empire of England to eaten up by paupers, importing a third of their annual subsistence from fortoms. eign states, brought in in foreign botThese are the effects of FREE they be at its Nadir? TRADE AT ITS ZENITH. What will
Abercromby, Mr, in Sardinia, 587.
ACROSS THE ATLANTIC, 567.
Eneas, Payne Knight's criticisms on, 375.
Africa, Jonathan in, 172-its deserts, 464.
Agricultural interest, overthrow of, by the
free-traders, 115-population of Wales,
character, &c. of the, 330.
Agriculture, alleged injury from the game
laws to, 73-distressed state of, in Ire-
land, 774-and Spain, 719.
ALBUM, OUR, for the last page of, 205.
Alfieri, the autobiography of, 294.
Alison on taste, remarks on, 13-on Vir-
gil, 246-on Homer, 255.
America, increase of its shipping under the
reciprocity system, 117, 118-cost of
raising grain in, 120-forests of, 464.
Andalusia, Mr Dundas Murray's work on,
705.
Anne, Queen, national debt under, 666.
Anti-game law association, the, 63.
Antro de Nettuno in Sardinia, the, 40.
Ardara, early paintings in, 46.
Army, Cobden's crusade against the, 584.
Art, specimens of early, in Sardinia, 46—
influence of religion on, 261.
Artist, the, not a mere imitator, 412.
Asia, its mountains, 462-table-lands,463.
Assignment system for convicts, advan-
tages of the, 532.
Atala et Réné, Chateaubriand's, 301.
Atheism, Christopher, &c. on, 31.
Attitu in Sardinia, the, 43.
Audiganne, M., on the state of France, 233.
Australia, commerce of, in relation to the
convict system, 527-exports per head
to, ib.-obstacles to free emigration to,
533.
Austria, the contest between, and Hun-
gary, 589-Cobden on, 591.
Austrian loan, Cobden on the, 602.
AUTOBIOGRAPHY-CHATEAUBRIAND'S ME-
Bacon, Lord, on the principles of trade,
777.
Bad temper, Christopher on, 5.
BADEN INSURRECTION, the, 206-as one
result of the revolutionary movement,
429-its causes, &c., ib.
Baden-Baden, state of, 431.
reciprocity system, 117, 118.
Bawr, Madame, tale by, 609.
Beattie, Dr, on Gray's elegy, 242.
Beauty, Christopher on the faculty of,
29-relations of virtue to, 259.
Blair, Dr, on Virgil's description of thun-
der, 12.
Blanc, Louis, his "Protest," 234.
Blind, one of the Baden insurgents, 208.
Bolingbroke on the national debt, 665.
Boroughs, predominance given by the
Reform Bill to, 113.
Boswell's Life of Johnson, on, 296.
Botany Bay, effects of the transportation
system on, 528.
Braybrooke Lord, his edition of Pepys'
Diary, 501.
Bread stuffs, importation of, 766.
Brentano, one of the Baden insurgents,
206, 207, 208, 211, 215.
Brigands, Spanish, 706.
Bright, Mr, motives of, in his anti-game-
law agitation, 63-on poaching, 70.
Brougham, Lord, on the marriage law of
Scotland, 269-on transportation, &c.,
525.
Brown, Dr Thomas, on Gray's elegy, 241.
Bugeaud, Marshal, 227.
Buonaparte and the Bourbons, Chateau-
briand's pamphlet called, 304.
Burritt, Elihu, 583.
Bute, Lord, bribery under, 666.
Butler's Analogy, the argument for im-
mortality from, 311.
Byron, on a passage from, 367-his de-
scription of Velino, 372-his autobio-
graphy, 295.
Cabrera, the last insurrection of, 707.
Cadet de Colobrières, the, 607.
Cæsar's Commentaries, on, 292.
Campbell, Lord, attack on Lord Lynd-
hurst by, 131-on the Scottish marriage
bill, 265, 273.
Canaanites, presumed relics of the, in
Sardinia, 36.
Canada bill, debates on the, 131-com-
merce of, in relation to the convict
system, 527-exports per head to, ib.-
effects of free trade on, 776.
CANADAS, CIVIL REVOLUTION IN A RE-
MEDY, 471.
Baltic shipping, increase of, under the Cape, commerce of, in relation to the con-
Banditti, Sardinian, 41.
Bank, danger of the, in 1823, 675-char-
ter act of 1844, the, 758.
Barton, Bernard, letters of Lamb to, 149.
vict system, 527-resistance in, to its
being made a penal settlement, 535.
Cardiganshire, rarity of the English lan-
guage in, 328.
Carlist movement, the late, in Spain, 707.
Carlsruhe, the revolt at, 206-capture of, Colonies, effects of the protective system
by the Prussians, 215.
Carta de Logu of Sardinia, the, 40.
Carthaginians in Sardinia, the, 34-their
disappearance, 36.
Castlemaine, Lady, 516.
Cavaignac, General, during the June con-
flict, 231, 232.
CAXTONS, the, Part XIV. chap. Ixxx., 48
-chap. lxxxi., 55-chap. lxxxii., 59-
chap. lxxxiii., 60-Part XV. chap.
1xxxiv., 151-chap. lxxxv., 152-chap.
1xxxvi., Vivian-at the entrance of life
sits the mother, ib.-chap. lxxxvii.,
The preceptor, 155-chap. lxxxviii.,
The hearth without trust, and the world
without a guide, 157-chap. lxxxix.,
The attempt to build a temple to for-
tune out of the ruins of home, 159
chap. xc., The results-perverted am-
bition, &c., 160-chap. xci., 164-chap.
xcii., 165-chap. xciii., 167-chap.
xciv., 171-Part XVI. chap. xcv., 277
-chap. xcvi., 283-chap. xcvii., 285-
chap. xcviii., 286-chap. xcix., 289-
chap. c., 290-Part the Last, chap. ci.,
391-chap. cii., 393-chap. ciii., 394-
chap. civ., 396-chap. cv., 397-chap.
cvi., 400-chap. cvii., 403-chap. cviii.,
405.
Celtic race, character of the Welsh, 335.
Chapman's Homer, on, 257.
Charles II., sketches of the time of, 501,
Chartism, prevalence of, in Wales, 337.
CHATEAUBRIAND'S MEMOIRS, 292.
Chauteaubriand, vanity of, 300-his suc-
cessive works, 301.
Chatham, Lord, his system of colonial
policy, 471.
Christ's Hospital, Charles Lamb at, 135.
Christianity, Christopher on, 30.
Christian morality, on, 30.
Christina, Spain under, 704.
CHRISTOPHER UNDER CANVASS, see DIES
BOREALES.
Christopher in the Sulks-a sketch, 3.
Church of England, state of the, in Wales,
333-of Scotland, opposition of, to the
marriage and registration bills, 266.
CIVIL REVOLUTION IN THE CANADAS-A
REMEDY, 471.
Clamor Publico, the, 710.
Classes at Yverdun, the, 104.
Classical, on the significance of, 25.
Claudius in Hamlet, on, 639, 646.
Close boroughs, advantages of the, 111.
Coal, export of, from Wales, 329, 330.
Cobden, review of the career of, 581,
et seq.-speech of, at the Hungarian
meeting, 591.
Cockburn of Ormiston, character of, 351.
Coleridge, intimacy of Lamb with, 136-
Talfourd's account of, 142.
Colonial policy, British system of, 471.
on, 110-virtually disfranchised by the
Reform Bill, 113-influence of the
transportation system on their com-
merce, 527.
Comic, present rage for the, 145.
Commerce, effects of the protection sys-
tem on, 110-effects of the new cur-
rency system on, 123-colonial, influ-
ence of the transportation system on,
527.
Commons, house of, all classes represented
in, prior to the Reform Bill, 111.
Confiscations, the revolutionary, in
France, 225.
Conjuror, the, 692.
Constitution, the German, and its rejec-
tion, 425.
Consumer and producer, different in-
terests of, 112.
Convict system, general review of the,
519, et seq.
Convicts, instruction of, in a trade, 520.
Copper, smelting, &c. of, in Wales, 329,
Cordova, General, in Italy, 709.
Corn Laws, the abolition of the, 115.
Corunna, the embarkation at, 696.
Cotton manufactures, profits &c. on, in
America, 473.
Cowan, Mr, on the game laws, 68.
Crichton, Mr, on game-law prosecutions,
70.
Crime, increase of, 126, 773-statistics of,
for Wales, 332-statistics of recent,
519.
Criminals, reformation of, in New South
Wales, 526.
CROWNING OF THE COLUMN, the, and th
Crushing of the Pedestal, 108.
Cruachan, thunder-storm on, 8.
Cuba, state of, prospects of its separation
from Spain, &c., 711, et seq.
Cunninghame, Mr, on the reformation of
convicts, 526.
Currency system, the new, and its effects,
122, 756, 759, et seq.
Davenant, Dr Charles, on the national
debt, 663.
Dead, mourning for the, in Sardinia, 43. '
Death, Butler's argument regarding, 382.
Delta, Disenchantment by, 563.
Democracy, error of principle of, 222.
Democratic tendencies in Wales, influ-
ence of dissent on, 337.
De Ruyter, Admiral, 511.
DIARY OF SAMUEL PEPYS, 501.
Dickens, the works of, 380.
Dies Boreales, No. I.,sonnet on reading, 18.
DIES BOREALES, No. II. Christopher
under canvass, 1-Christopher in the
sulks, a sketch, 3-on temper, 5-a
thunder-storm, 6, et seq.-Virgil's de-
scription of thunder, 11-Lucretius',
15-Thomson's, 16-arrival of Talboys,
17-on the signification of classical, 25
-on scholarship, 27-on beauty and
morals, 29-Christianity and its
morality, 30-Scepticism and its re-
sults, 31-No. III., on impersonation,
238-Shakspeare, 239-Inishail and
its churchyard, 240-Gray's elegy, ib.—
on Alison and Virgil, 246-on a pas-
sage in Hamlet, 252-and one in
Homer, 255-the self-sustainment of
the Homeric heroes, 258-Alison's
Essay on Taste, 259-on virtue and
vice, 260-influence of religion on art,
261-on materialism, 262-No. IV. 363
-a rain storm, 364-on angling, 366
-on Byron's description of the Cli-
tumnus, 367-and of Velino, 872-on
immortality, and Butler's argument for
it, 380-No. V. on Macbeth, 620. j
DISENCHANTMENT, by A, 563.
Disraeli's Essay on the literary character,
297.
Dissent, statistics of, in Wales, 333-fos-
tering of chartism by, there, 338.
DOMINIQUE, a sketch from life: the two
students, 77-Mother and Son, 79-
The double duel, 83-Five years later,
85-The Horse-riders, 87-Foes and
Friends, 91.
Dormitory at Yverdun, the, 99.
DOUBLEDAY'S FINANCIAL HISTORY OF ENG-
LAND, review of, 655.
Dream-Fugue on sudden death, a, 7.50.
Dreams, the, in Shakspeare, 642.
Drysdale versus Jamieson, game-law de-
cision in, 75.
Dudevant, Madame, La Petite Fadette
by, 607.
Dumas, Alexandre, recent novels of, 610
-works announced by, 619.
Dutch, naval contests of the, with Eng-
land, 509.
Earth, peninsular tendency in the, 461-
its interior, 462.
Eas-a-Bhrogich, cave at, 9.
Ecclesiastical property, abuses connected
with, in Wales, 354.
Economists, rise of the, 113.
Education, sketches of the Pestalozzian
system of, 93, et seq.-relations of crime
in Great Britain to, 520.
Ehrenberg, discoveries of, regarding the
Infusoria, 466.
Eichbald, Lieutenant, in Baden, 208, 210.
Eleanora, Guidicessa of Sardinia, 39.
Electric Telegraph, proposed introduction
of, into Spain, 721.
Embarkation, the, 696.
Emigrants, annual number of, 537.
Emigration, increase of, under the free-
trade system, 126, 772-its expense to
different localities, 533.
Emulation, rejection of, by Pestalozzi, 95.
Enfant Trouvé of Paris, the, 226.
Enghien, the Duc d', conduct of Chateau-
briand on the murder of, 304.
England, growth of, under the navigation
laws and restrictive system, 108-feel-
ing of alienation in Wales from, 327-
crime in, compared with Wales, 332-
the naval contest of, with the Dutch,
509-statistics of crime in, 519.
ENGLISH MAIL-COACH, or the glory of
motion, 485-going down with victory,
496-continuation: the Vision of Sud-
den Death, 741.
English autobiographies, rarity of, 299-
language, partial diffusion of the, in
Wales, 328.
Enzio, King of Sardinia, sketch of, 38.
Erbe, one of the Baden insurgents, 208.
Essai Historique, Lamartine's, 301.
Evelyn, the diary of, 502-account of
Lady Frances Stuart by, 515.
Expatriation, effects of, in reforming cri-
minals, 525, et seq.
Exports, decrease of, 123-colonial, influ-
ence of the transportation system on,
527-influence of free trade on, 765.
Famille Recour, the, 609.
Farmers, alleged injury from game to the,
73-and farming in Wales, state of,
330-of Canada, effects of the restric-
tive system on, 476.
Female characters of Shakspeare, the, 239.
Fergusson on Gray's elegy, 242.
Feudal system, alleged origin of the
game laws with the, 66.
Fickler, one of the Baden insurgents, 206,
208, 211.
Finance, importance of the subject of, and
general ignorance regarding it, 655.
Finances, the French, effects of the late
revolution on, 232-the Russian, Cob-
den on, 595-the Spanish, statistics re-
garding, 71, et seq.
Fire of London, the, 508.
Fleet, the English, state of, under Charles
II. 510.
Foreign interference, Whig, 586.
Foreign shipping, increase of, under the
reciprocity system, 117.
Foudras, the Marquis de, novels of, 609.
Foundlings, numbers of, in Paris, 226.
Fountainhall's diary, on, 502.
FRANCE, THE REVOLUTION OF 1848 IN,
Lamartine's account of, 219.
Franchise, practical extent of the, before
the Reform Bill, 111.
FRANCIS' CHRONICLES OF THE STOCK EX-
CHANGE, review of, 655.
Frankfort parliament, the, and its fall,425.
Frankfort, occupation of, by the Prussians,
427-atrocities of the Red republicans
in, 598.
FREE TRADE AT ITS ZENITH, 756.
Free trade, review of the effects of, 108.
FRENCH NOVELS OF 1849, the, 607-auto-
biographies, multitude and character
of, 298-materialism, on, 261.
Fröbel, one of the Baden insurgents, 208.
Funding system, general ignorance re-
garding the, 655-evils accruing from Guy, Thomas, founder of the hospital, 669.
Fuorisciti in Sardinia, the, 41.
Gagern, Herr von, 435.
Game, increased consumption of, 71.
GAME LAWS IN SCOTLAND, the, 63-exa-
mination of the arguments against, 68
-alleged cost of prosecutions under, 69.
Gang system for convicts, evils of the, 532.
Gayford, Mr, on the injury done by game,
Génie du Christianisme, Chateaubriand's,
301.
Gentilhommes Chasseurs, the, 610.
Gentry, the Welsh, character of, 335, 338.
Geography, physical and general, distinc-
tion between, 460, 461.
George II., debt contracted under, 666.
German unity, failure of the realisation
of, 424.
GERMANY, REVOLUTIONARY, WHAT
SHE ATTAINED? 424-northern and
southern, disunion between, 428.
Gibbon's autobiography, on, 292.
Girardin, M. during the revolution of
1848, 227.
Girondists, Lamartine's History of the,
220, 221.
Giudici in Sardinia, the, 37.
Glasgow, increase of pauperism in, 127,
772-the Queen's visit to, 361.
Godwin, William, Talfourd's sketch of,
141.
Goegg, one of the Baden insurgents, 206,
208, 211.
Goethe, on the autobiography of, 295-
the centenary of, 435.
Good temper, Christopher on, 5.
Gore district in Canada, state of, 473.
Government, indifference of the, to Scot-
tish affairs, 264.
Grain, importation of, under the free-trade
system, 118, 119, 766.
Grammont's memoirs, on, 501.
GRANGE, LADY, new light on the story of,
347.
Gravitation, Sir J. Herschel on, 459.
Gray's Elegy, on, 240.
Great Britain, progress of, under the
navigation laws, 108 her colonial
policy, 471-her position in relation to
the continental powers, 587-origin of
the national debt of, 657, 662-state of,
under James II., 657-progress of the
national debt, 666.
Greeks and their poetry, Christopher on,
25-emblems employed by the, for im-
mortality, 380.
GREEN HAND, the, Part III., 183-Part
IV., 305-Part V., 436-Part VI., 723.
Grey, Earl, on the Reform Bill, 146.
Gröben, General Von, in Baden, 214.
Grove, Mr, on the co-relation of the phy-
sical sciences, 460.
Gurney, Mr, on the cost of the army,
763.
Gwynne, Nell, Pepys' account of, 516.
Hamlet, on a passage in, 252.
Hazlitt, Talfourd's account of, 143.
Hecate of Shakspeare, the, 625.
Heidelberg, the insurrection in, 206-
Hecker-Lied, the, 435.
entrance of the Prussians into, 214.
Hélène, remarks on, 607.
Herschel, Sir J., on gravitation, 459.
Heskir, imprisonment of Lady Grange at,
347.
Hesse-Darmstadt, revolutionary attempt
at, 208.
Highlanders, improvement in the charac-
Heyne on the Homeric heroes, 257.
ter of the, 336.
Himalayas, heights, &c., of the, 462.
Hirschfeld, General, in Baden, 212.
History, association of, with locality, 655.
H'Lassa, city of, 463.
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, acquisition of,
by Prussia, 434.
Hope of Rankeillour, connexion of, with
Homer, the dreams in, 642.
Hospitality, Sardinian, anecdotes of, 42.
the case of Lady Grange, 348, 350.
Hugo, Victor, and the Peace Congress,
Humboldt's Cosmos, remarks on, 456, et seq.
583-his Nôtre Dame, 655.
Hungary, the movement in, its objects,
Hume's Autobiography, on, 293.
&c., 588-meeting to sympathise with
it, 590-the executions in, 599.
Ilay, Lord, 353, 355.
Imitation not the perfection of art, 412.
Immortality, Christopher on, 32-Butler's
argument for, 380, et seq.
Imports, increase of, 123, 766.
Impersonation, on, 238, 645, 646.
Imprisonment, experienced inefficiency of,
519-its expense, 521-causes of its
failure, 522.
India, completion of the British empire
in, 108.
Industry, effects of the late revolution on,
in France, 233.
Inishail, churchyard in, 240.
Insects, formation of rocks by, 465,466 —
those of America, 467.
INSURRECTION IN BADEN, the, 206.
Intellect, predominance of, in France,299.
Ireland, the round towers of, 36-the
Queen's visit to, 361-recent statistics
of crime in, 522-depressed state of
agriculture in, 774.
Irish, resemblance of the Sardes to the, 40
-transported convicts, superiority of,
and its causes, 531.
Iron, produce, &c., of, in Wales, 329, 330.
Irreligion, influence of, in France, 224.
Italy, proceedings of Lord Minto in, 587
--the Spanish army in, 709.
James II., revenue, &c., of Great Britain,
under, 657.
Jean le Trouveur, romance of, 612.
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