from the next town, and the name of the emperor in whose reign it was erected. These have, unfortunately, in almost every instance perished, having been destroyed, doubtless, for the material. One remarkably good example found on the Foss Way, near Leicester, in 1771, and now preserved in the museum of that town, bears the inscription IMP

CAESAR DIV TRAIAN PARTH F DIV TRAIAN HADRIAN

AVG PONT IV COS III A RATIS II. Another example, also erected under Hadrian, is at Caton; and a third was found a few years back at Buxton.

Remains of Roman bridges still exist, and others have of late years been removed in the course of improvements. Three notable examples were old London Bridge, and the old bridges over the Tyne and Teign, which had Roman foundations. Dr. Bruce has engraved an excellent example in his work on "The Roman Wall." This wall-Hadrian's Wallextended from Tunnocelum (Bowness) on the Solway Firth to Segedunum (Wallsend) on the Tyne, a distance of nearly seventy miles. On it lay twentythree towns (Tunnocelum, Gabrosentum, Axelodunum, Congavata, Aballaba, Petriana, Amboglanna, Magna, Esica, Vindolana, Borcovicus, Procolitia, Cilurnum, Hunnum, Vindobala, Condercum, Pons Ælii, Segedunum, etc.), and between these were, at regular intervals of a Roman mile each, "mile-castles," or fortresses. Of the wall itself (which was a huge work of masonry varying from eighteen to twenty feet in height, and from six to

ten feet in thickness, with fosse and vallum on either side), and of these towers, etc., extensive and wonderful remains exist at the present day, and have, from the inscribed stones and other relics they have furnished, proved a rich storehouse of valuable knowledge. The reader cannot possibly do better than, for a brief account of the wall, read Dr. Bruce's "Wallet Book," and for a more detailed and profusely illustrated account refer to his noble volumes, The Roman Wall" and "Lapidarium Septentrionale."

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The wall of Antoninus, or Graham's or Grime's Dyke, crossed from the Forth to the Clyde on the line on which previously Agricola had erected a series of forts. It consisted of a new line of forts connected together by an immense continuous rampart of earth and turf, raised by the Proprætor Lollius Urbicus in the reign of Antoninus, and named after that emperor. Inscribed stones have been from time to time found along its course, expressive of the work done by different troops and cohorts of the Roman army. Thus-IMP CT AE

HADRIANO ANTONINO AVG PIO P P VEX LEG XX V V F

PP IIII CDXI; which may be rendered-" To the Emperor Cæsar Titus Ælius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius, the father of his country. A vexillation of the Twentieth Legion, [surnamed] the Valiant and Victorious, executed four thousand four hundred, and eleven paces," or nearly four and a half miles.

F

Of the arrangement and economy of Roman towns and camps it is not necessary to speak. Among the principal were London, Wroxeter, Colchester, Richborough, Canterbury, Lincoln, Leicester, Kenchester, Cirencester, Silchester, etc.

Fig. 104. Roman Masonry, Colchester.

The town was usually in form a parallelogram, like the camp, and was surrounded by strong and massive walls. Striking remains of these walls exist at Lincoln (the Newport Gate), Leicester (the Jewry Wall), Wroxeter, Richborough, Lyme, and other places. The town consisted of public and private buildings of more or less extent and magnificence, and the general arrangements seem

to have been somewhat analogous to those of our own day.

Remains of Roman villas have been brought to light in most parts of the country. Some of these are of remarkable extent, and must, when inhabited, have been homes of taste and of luxurious elegance. The largest and finest yet uncovered in England is at Woodchester. It consists of two courts, one 150 and the other 90 feet square, surrounded by a gallery, or cryptoporticus. The principal apartment is fifty feet square, the floor being a splendid tessellated pavement, probably based on a hypocaust, with a fountain in the centre. Another of almost similar extent at Bignor has its courts, and cryptoporticus, and baths on a more magnificent scale still. I had, many years ago, the good fortune to discover a Roman villa in Oxfordshire (of which I gave an account in the "Journal of the British Archæological Association" for 1851); it presented many interesting features.

Tessellated pavements occur in most of the larger villas and houses, and are of more or less elaborate character in design and execution. Many of these have been found in London, Leicester, Cirencester, Caerleon, Caerwent, Lincoln, Canterbury, Gloucester, Wroxeter, Kenchester, York, Stonesfield, Winterton, Littlecote, Bignor, Frampton, Dorchester, Cotterstock, Aldborough, and many other places. They bear exquisite geometrical designs, guilloche and other borders, mythological groups and figures

fishes and sea monsters, the seasons, chariot races, hunting scenes, genii and cupids, gladiatorial combats, etc., etc., and occasionally inscriptions. Fig. 105 gives a careful representation of one of these

Fig. 105. Tesselated Pavement, Leicester.

pavements; it is from Leicester, and represents Diana and Actæon. It will be sufficient to show the style of workmanship. Hypocausts were formed of low, thick, hollow pillars composed of tiles or