in the military field. to send back nine whose terms have expired or will soon expire, at once, but it will be impossible to arrange for the return of others until the Army Bill has finally passed, and the enlistment of new troops to take the place of those sent home has begun. It has been arranged thousand volunteers, South America The event of greatest importance in South America of late has been the adjustment of the boundary dispute between French Guiana and Brazil. This was a complicated question, and we cannot here go into its merits. It may be said, however, that the French claim in its full extent applied to a vast territory--one, indeed, equal to two-thirds of the area of France itself. What is really interesting about the settlement of this dispute is that, after a diplomatic controversy lasting for two hundred years, the matter has been settled finally, peaceably, and, we believe, to the satisfaction of both parties, by the arbitration of Switzerland. Every event of this kind adds emphasis to the value attaching to international arbitration, and every award peaceably accepted makes such settlement of international difficulties more and more possible. Of the opposite kind of interest is the growing bitterness of the controversy between Bolivia and Chili, as many students of South American affairs believe that war may ensue. This, too, is a territorial dispute, though the land in question is of no value in itself, but only as affording Bolivia direct access to Peru. The great war between Peru and Chili, which lasted for four years (1879-83), had as one of its results the seizure of this territory by Chili, which was then immensely stronger than Bolivia. Since that time Bolivia has gained greatly in strength, and is now urging that Chili cede back the strip of ground which now shuts out Bolivia from the sea. It is im possible at this distance to judge of the merits of the boundary dispute as such, but it seems more than probable that Chili's title is one of might rather than of right. When Bolivia feels herself strong enough to war with Chili, unless some arbitration can be devised, a serious controversy will undoubtedly take place in South America over this little strip of arid, rocky, worthless ground, which neverthe less completes Chili's coast-line and makes it necessary for Bolivia to pay transit duties on all imports. By the death of Professor Moses Coit Tyler at his home in Ithaca on Friday of last week, Cornell University loses an accomplished teacher, and the country a literary and historical scholar of wide knowledge and dispassionate temper who has made most important contributions to the history of American literature. Born in Griswold, Conn., in 1835, Professor Tyler was graduated from Yale in 1837, studied theology in the seminary at Yale and later at Andover, and became the pastor of a Congregational church in Poughkeepsie in 1860. From the first, however, his tastes were distinctly literary and scholarly, and in 1867 he accepted an invitation to the chair of English Language and Literature at the University of Michigan; exchanging that position later to accept an invitation to the chair of American History in Cornell University. He was associated with The Outlook, in the early days when it was The Christian Union, as literary editor; and his discriminating, sympathetic, and catholic spirit, with his broad literary scholarship, have been among the best traditions which The Outlook of to-day has received from the men who gave it its earliest impulse and direction. In 1881 Professor Tyler took orders in the Protestant Episcopal Church. The first volume of his "History of American Literature," the most considerable of his works, was published in 1870, and remains the most comprehensive and carefully prepared account of our literature which has yet been given to the world. The work is notable for breadth of view, for sanity, and for first-hand knowledge of the material; it is full of literary insight and discriminating criticism. Professor Tyler's treatment of Jonathan Edwards as a man of letters is a capital example of his ability to see for himself before other people had begun to Professor Moses Coit Tyler was a man of most agreeable personality; his just and legitimate sovereignty, which urbane, courteous, tactful-a charming companion, and of stainless and dignified life. The Late Dr. Momerie In the recent death is closely bound up with the liberty of his ministry. The Pontiff is now held under the power of other men and subject to their arbitrary will." In a recent sermon Archbishop Ireland, as reported, prophesied that the Italian people would one day give back to the Pope his lost temporal power. He referred to Leo tarily in that no physical force prevents XIII. as a prisoner in the Vatican, volunhis leaving its precincts, involuntarily in that he could not go beyond the Vatican grounds without impairing his dignity as Pontiff and seeming to accept the situation created for him by the entrance into Rome of the Italian troops. If, he said, the Pope is a civil subject of an author of the Rev. Alfred Williams Momerie, of London, at the age of fifty-two, the Church of England has lost a man who, though she frowned upon him, did her good service. Few men have surpassed him in his peculiar line. of so presenting the substance and spirit of Christianity in unconventional forms as to clear away the mental difficulties besetting the traditional mode of presentation. This gift gave Dr. Momerie a certain reputation outside of his native land, and his books obtained for him recogity outside of himself, he has not the nition both in Germany and America as an opener of rubbish-choked ways. He was a brilliant scholar, and carried off high honors in his university course. In 1880 he became Professor of Logic and Metaphysics in King's College, London, and in 1883 was appointed morning preacher at the Foundling Hospital. Here, however, he soon got involved with the ecclesias tical authorities by his disregard for conventional orthodoxy. Mr. Gladstone helped him out of difficulty in the college where he had been suspended, by transferring his professorship of logic from the department of theology to the department of arts. But his ecclesiastical career was shortened. He was a man of wide horizons, acute intellect, and vigorous utterance, both candid and fearless in putting the new wine into new bottles, with, perhaps, too little sympathy for those who preferred the old bottles. While thoroughly imbued with the modern spirit, his sermons were also marked by spirituality and simplicity. As specimens of them we may refer to the volumes entitled "The Origin of Evil," "The Defects of Modern Christianity," and "Church and Creed." Not long since, in an The Temporal Power allocution, Leo XIII. of the Pope indulged in his accustomed complaint concerning the secular Government's occupation of Rome. The Pope said in part: "It is truly a calamity that the Pontiff is despoiled forcibly of necessary freedom; the ruler or government can interfere, can make laws impairing his freedom of action, or strive to impose methods more serviceable to the State than to the Church. "The Pontiff's words must bear no possible suspicion that they are imposed by men who have no authority in things moral and spiritual. If the Sovereign Pontiff be the subject of the King of Italy, what guarantee is there for other peoples and other rulers that, whether through fear or favor, Italian influences have not penetrated into the Vatican, and that Italian interests are not to be served?" Such statements are chiefly significant as coming from a prelate who has long been justly regarded as foremost in the liberal wing of American Roman Catholics. It might be sufficient to reply. A Reply that the Pope was not freed from the suspicion of being controlled by Italan interests when he possessed temporal sovereignty. On the contrary, the Church was more truly an Italian church in the olden time than it is to-day; the influences that made it so were ecclesiastical, not political; and the Pope as a free citizen of a free State would be more Catholic than he could be as a sovereign over a wholly insignificant territory. It might further be added that Christ distinctly disavowed temporal sovereignty, that he regarded all such political entanglements. as invalidating, not as strengthening, his spiritual independence and power. "My kingdom," he said, " is not of this world;" and it might well be asked why the Vicar of Christ should not accept the position and act upon the principles of the Master he is supposed to represent. "The servant is not above his lord." It is enough if he is "as his lord." It may further be added that, while even liberal ecclesiastics will probably regard themselves as bound to defend the temporal power so long as the Pope insists upon it, it can hardly be doubted that the Papacy would be stronger spiritually if it were to disavow temporal power altogether and rest its authority wholly on a spiritual foundation. We believe, indeed, that the most far-seeing and spiritually-minded Italian Catholics do not want temporal power for their supreme Bishop. From any other standpoint than that of the ultramontanes there is no more reason why Leo XIII. should have temporal power than why Archbishop Ireland should have it. Closing the Holy Door On the day before Christmas the Pope, with astonishing vigor, went through the elaborate ceremony of closing the Holy Door of St. Peter's. This door, which is known as the Porta Santa, is on the extreme right of the church, is indicated. by a cross, and is opened only in the years of jubilee which come at intervals of a quarter of a century. The last celebration of this ceremony took place in 1825, and its picturesqueness and rarity make the occasion one of peculiar interest. The door was opened one year ago by the Pope by way of inaugurating the Holy Year, which is now closed. The ceremonies on Monday of last week began at eleven and closed at one; the Pope is reported to have intoned the Te Deum in clear and resonant voice; he was surrounded by the princes of the Church, the pontifical court, and it was estimated that eighty thousand persons witnessed the ceremonies. The great church was gorgeously decorated for the occasion, the pillars of the central nave being draped with gold-embroidered scarlet cloth, and the porch under which the ceremony took place magnificently decorated. On the left of the Holy Door the pontifical throne, covered with red and gold, was placed; on the right was a group of tribunes for royal personages, princes, prelates, and other distinguished persons; while every available inch of room in the church was occupied. The Pope was carried to St. Peter's in the Sacred Chair, entered the church through the Holy Door to the sound of silver trumpets, was borne to the High Altar, and knelt before the most precious relics in the possession of the Church, which were displayed for the occasion. He was then carried to the Chapel of the Sacrament, and from that point to the Holy Door. After the singing of a number of hymns the Pope descended from his throne, knelt before the Door, and laid with a golden trowel, which had been specially subscribed for by Catholics throughout the world, three gilded bricks bearing commemorative inscriptions; a casket containing medals and inscriptions was placed beside the bricks. A number of cardinals then performed a similar ceremony, after which the Door was closed with a canvas screen, and the Pope, having given solemn benediction, was carried back to his apartments in the Vatican. Missionary Funds Coincidently with an ef fort now making to raise a fund of $250,000 for the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, it is announced that nearly five times that sum, or £250,000, has been bequeathed to the London Missionary Society, founded in 1795. The donor of this large sum, Mr. Robert Arthington, of Leeds, is said to have lived in a penurious style, and to have been accounted miserly by his neighbors, who did not know that he was constantly giving both largely and anonymously to many benevolent objects. This is said to have been due to his early training. His parents were wealthy, but his mother brought her children up to believe that it was their duty, not only to give, but to give out of self-denial, for the spread of Christ's work in the world. In his case this teaching took such effect that it led into eccentricity, but there is no question that his mind was saturated with the idea of making all that he could accumulate by self-denial subservient to the cause of Christ. The income of his great bequest he desires to be devoted to new work for tribes or peoples who as yet have not received the Bible in their own tongue. The fund now being raised for the American Board is for a different purpose. While the gifts of the living are quite steady, the income from legacies varies greatly from year to year. The demands of the work being constant, there is need of a reservoir that can be drawn upon in dry years, and replenished afterwards. In this way it is hoped to avoid the frequent incurring of debt. Such is the design of the contemplated fund, for which pledges to the amount of $50,000 have already been obtained, and continued contributions are confidently expected. An American Forward Movement The Outlook has al The thereafter as the spiritual interest developed may seem to require. This movement owes much of its energy to the initiative of the evangelist William Philip Hall. The appeal bears three dozen prominent signatures, among them being those of the Rev. Drs. Moffet, Purves, Burrell, Codman, and MacArthur, General Howard and Mr. J. R. Mott, of New York; the Rev. Francis E. Clark and Mr. J. W. Baer, of Boston; and Mr. W. R. Moody, of Northfield, Mass. Information as to the methods of organizing committees and conducting meetings will be furnished upon application to the central committee, 44 Broad Street, New York City. The Outlook does not wish to throw the least discouragement on this movement in saying that it cannot but think that the caution of the Master, "The Kingdom cometh not by observation," will make many devout Christians doubtful about this method of promoting it. ready called attention to the forward movement among the English churches. Something of the same thing may be attempted here if the recommendations of the promoters of recent meetings are carried out. central committee of the Volunteer Organ- The Hooligans Chicago, London, and Paris ization of Christian Ministers and Laymen appeals to all Christians to promote a national Gospel campaign for the advance and deepening of Christianity. In order to encourage and insure definite and practical action, the following suggestions are offered: (3) That such committee appoint a central, or executive, committee to direct the work. (4) That in the larger cities district commit tees be appointed to carry on such work as may be planned in their respective districts, under direction of the central committee. (5) That meetings for united prayer, preferably of a union character, be held, beginning on the evening of Sunday, December 30, and continuing each evening thereafter until the following Saturday evening inclusive (including a watch-night service on the evening of December 31, if desired). (6) That the following week union noonday meetings be held each day, followed by "Week of Prayer" prayer-meetings, as recommended by the Evangelical Alliance, each evening. (7) That the noonday prayer-meetings be continued the week following, and as long are all suffering from ebullitions of lawlessness which alarm the decent portion of society. How it is in Chicago, and the cause of it, we all know pretty well. In Paris the trouble is with wage-earners of various sorts whom the closing of the Exposition has left stranded. These men, it had been predicted, would make a hotbed of revolutionary outbreaks, but their discontent has turned rather to predatory courses, and robberies are frequent. In London the trouble is with mere rowdyism that has been emboldened by impunity, and got to itself a name as "Hooliganism." According to the London correspondent of the Springfield "Republican," the name originated from a magistrate's misunderstanding a policeman's reply to his inquiry what a certain prisoner was: "He's of Hooley's gang, your worship." "A Hooligan!" said the magistrate, and the name stuck. The "Hooligan "is a young fellow of a dare-devil type, who lets off his steam after doing a good day's work. According to the letterwriter above quoted, he belongs to some gang, and prowls about at night with his mates, the terror of lonely wayfarers and women. These were the fellows who made London a pandemonium the night after the volunteers' return from Africa. Dr. Parker, of the City Temple, and others are demanding the application of the oldfashioned scourge known in the navy as "the cat" to these young brutes, as the most effective way of suppressing their beastliness. It is to be noted that the Hooligan is not a child of the slums, but lives in tolerably respectable quarters, and has gone through the Board (i. e., common) schools. Anti-Semitism in Europe The mad belief to which we referred last July as existing in Germany, that Jews sometimes murder Christians to obtain blood for ritual use, is said to have gained strength in Central Europe, and to affect large masses of the people with a frenzied hatred of the Jews, just as many of the Chinese have been inflamed against Christians by a similar delusion. The case has been fomented by a number of cases of mysterious murder, like those of the as yet undiscovered "Jack the Ripper," whose bloody deeds in the Whitechapel district caused such excitement in London a few years since. Recent victims in Bohemia were boys and girls, whose assassination in districts largely inhabited by Jews the populace, failing to discover any plausible cause, account as "ritual murder." A young Jew, who on a second trial has been found guilty as an accomplice in one such case, endeavored to clear himself by falsely accusing two other Jews as the real murderers, and asserted that he had seen them drawing off the blood, thereby strengthening the popular delusion. Millions of people in Germany, Austria, Hungary, and Russia remain fixed in the superstitious belief that certain secret Jewish services are performed with the blood of Christian children. The State Department The Danish Islands at Washington has unofficially confirmed the news that the Danish West Indies have been purchased by the United States, subject, of course, to an appropriation by Congress to meet the expense, which will be about five million dollars. The group includes the islands of St. Croix, St. Thomas, and St. John; the first named is the largest, having an area of about one hundred and ten square miles and a population of 18,000; it lies sixty-five miles southeast of Porto Rico. This is Not War Charles Sumner's definition of war is not only a classic but an authority. "War," says he, "is a public armed contest between nations, under the sanction of international law, to establish justice between them." Guerrilla warfare, therefore, is not war. It is a public armed contest, but it is not between nations, nor is it under the sanction of international law. The Transvaal Republic challenged Great Britain to settle by armed conflict the question of sovereignty at issue between them. The Transvaal Republic was beaten, its President is in exile, its capital is in the hands of the English, its army is scattered. For roving bands of Boers to make attacks upon towns, hither and yon, is not war. It is not any part of a public armed contest between nations, under the sanction of international law. Aguinaldo challenged the United States to a similar trial by combat of the question whether the responsibilities of sovereignty in the Philippines belonged to the Aguinaldo Government or to the United States Government. The issue was decided against him; his army is scattered; his country is under the control of the United States; he is in hiding. The acts of fugitive bands, firing from ambuscade, attacking undefended or ill-defended towns, combined to-day, scattered to-morrow, do not constitute war. This is not a public armed contest between nations, under the sanction of international law. War is bad enough at the best, but when a nation is defeated it should accept the defeat, as when a suitor before a court is defeated he accepts the defeat. It was the glory of the Southern States that when they had appealed to the wager of battle they did not yield until further resistance was impossible, but when organized armed resistance became impossible they accepted the result absolutely and loyally. The magnanimity of the North toward the South has been matter of frequent public commendation. The absolute and loyal acceptance of the result of the Civil War by the South is certainly matter for no less commendation-rather for greater, for the virtue was more difficult of exercise. But if guerrilla warfare is not war, neither is the burning of private houses and the ravaging of a defenseless country. |