to delay the affixing of signatures, but the Chinese plenipotentiaries replied that it was impossible to recall the assent given. A striking event of the week was the publication of the text of China's agreement with Russia relative to the latter's "protection" of Manchuria. By its terms the Russian Resident at Mukden, the capital of the province, will exercise the same functions as those of the Russian Resident in Bokhara, or those of the British Residents in the Native States of India. Manchuria may now be regarded as de facto a Russian province. By a pre-existing arrangement, Russia already has the right to maintain all troops necessary for the protection of the Manchurian portion of the Trans-Siberian railway.

Last week Lord Roberts

The Boer War arrived in England, after having done far more than any other man to deliver the British Empire from its gravest crisis since Yorktown, Trafalgar, and Cawnpore. The Queen at Osborne conferred upon him the dignity of an earldom and invested him with the Order of the Garter. On arriving at London he was met at the station by the royal princes, who escorted him to the Queen's town house, Buckingham Palace, which he entered by the gateway reserved for crowned heads alone. The streets were gayly decorated and congested with cheering throngs. Never has a British subject been received with more exceptional distinction, nor have honors ever been more worthily bestowed. In sharp contrast are the gloomy reports from South Africa since the FieldMarshal's departure. Into Cape Colony the Boers have now penetrated further than ever before, and additional districts have been placed under martial law. It is estimated that fifteen hundred Cape Dutch have now joined the invaders; as the specter of a general Dutch rising seemed to loom greater than before, guns have been landed from battle ships in the harbor of Cape Town. At Cape Town itself there was instant and abundant response to the Government's call for a citizen army of defense at the rate of five shillings ($1.25) a day per man. Employees in railways, banks, offices, and mercantile houses so largely offered their services that the ordinary administration of affairs has been somewhat paralyzed. This display of

enthusiasm and energy, together with Lord Kitchener's prompt concentration of troops, has slightly restored confidence in the uninvaded districts; in the invaded the fugitive Boer tactics have so far rather neutralized the effect of concentration. Thus within a twelvemonth we see again in South Africa a struggle, not so much to pacify the Boer States as to repel the Boer invasion of a British colony. If it were not for our own experience with the Seminoles, and later in the Philippines, it would seem strange that an army of more than two hundred thousand men of all arms should be unable to disperse an army of less than a tenth of that number, without artillery. Last week the London War Office issued a list of the British casualties which had occurred during the war; the total deaths alone are over twelve thousand. This, with a bill of costs reaching six hundred million dollars, is the appalling price which England must pay for the history of the past fifteen months. The latest report from Lord Kitchener tells of an engagement near Lindley in which three British officers and fifteen men were killed and as many wounded.

Australian Federation

On New Year's Day, at Sydney, the Earl of Hopetoun was sworn in as first Govenor-General of the federated Australian Colonies, amidst ceremonies unprecedented in the antipodes. The demonstration was participated in by scores of thousands of people. The first Federal Ministers also took oath of office. Mr. Edmund Barton is Prime Minister, and the policy of his ministry, it is expected, will be along protective tariff lines. The reading of the Imperial Commission was attended with impressive singing from thousands of school-children of the "Te Deum," the "Hallelujah" chorus, "Australia Fair," and other religious and patriotic hymns. Celebrations on a smaller scale occurred at Melbourne, Brisbane, and other places where local Governors were sworn in. Thus the Commonwealth of Australia takes more definite place among the countries united under British sovereignty. In The Outlook of December 22 last will be found an editorial discussion of the meaning and probable outcome of this important event.

The retirement of Sir John Sir John Tenniel Tenniel from the staff of London "Punch" probably marks the end of a professional career which has extended over more than four decades and has given the cartoonist a world-wide reputation. The fun in "Punch" is not always readily recognized by the American; but Sir John Tenniel's work has been conspicuous from the beginning by reason of a certain seriousness of purpose underlying inventiveness, expertness, and humor in the use of the pencil. Although the individual cartoons have been suggested by conditions and events now in the past and by persons who have left the stage, these pictorial comments on policies and men are still intelligible, and are no small part of the historical record of the last forty years in England. Like all successful cartoonists, Sir John had an instinctive perception of the humorous, the ridiculous, the weak, the dramatic, and even the strong aspects of a situation or a policy. He had a thoroughly journalistic sense of immediate interest in public affairs and in public persons, and he succeeded in interpreting men without ever being offensive or vulgar. His work has been characterized by broad lines of excellence rather than by mere technical skill, and he has succeeded by virtue of steady insight rather than by grotesque exaggeration or insolence. He has looked at the world, not only with keen eyes, but with a high ideal of public conduct and action; and his contribution to journalism (for he has been in his way one of the most effective journalists of his time) has borne the stamp of sincerity, dignity, and intelligence. His work ought to be set as a lesson to all cartoonists, because it discloses so clearly the right lines of satiric expression, and the public service which a humorist can render to society and his time.

The new century was The New Century ushered in with many kinds of celebrations in all parts of the country. The significance of the advent of a new era was recognized in a very general religious observance or the event in churches of all kinds from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and many of these midnight services were singularly impressive by reason of their historical associations. In

the Old Dutch Church which stands among the ancient graves in the Sleepy Hollow Cemetery at Tarrytown-on-Hudson, for instance, the two-hundredth anniversary of which was celebrated not many years ago, a brief but memorable service was held, which deeply impressed with its historical associations, as well as with their felicitous interpretation, all who were present. In another small community all the churches were thrown open, and the congregations, made up of people of every class and religious association, moved in procession to the different churches, a brief service being held in each church, the minister of the church officiating. The Roman Catholic Church was filled with Protestants, while the Protestant churches held many Catholics within their walls; the concluding service was held in the Episcopal church, and a Congregational clergyman presided. In Boston a celebration was held before the State House, the exercises beginning a little before midnight with a blare of trumpets from the State House balcony. This was followed by the reading of selections from the Ninetieth Psalm by Dr. Edward Everett Hale, by the singing of Samuel Sewall's Hymn written for the city of Boston at the dawn of the eighteenth century, by the recitation of the Lord's Prayer after the striking of the hour of midnight, and by the singing in chorus of "America." In many cities public buildings were illuminated, chimes were rung, and the streets were thronged as at midday; everywhere perfect order prevailed. This general religious and popular observance of a very impressive event was not only picturesque, but brings into clear relief the advance in brotherliness, in the sense of the unity of the race, and in general popular orderliness which has been made during the last hundred years.

The report of the ninetieth year of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, the oldest society of its kind in this country, presents many noteworthy facts. The change that Christianity is beginning to produce upon the intellectual and religious life of India is shown in Baroda, a purely native State. Two girls' schools with twenty-two pupils,

Notes from Mission Fields

a quarter-century ago, have increased to 108 schools with 9,151 pupils, and nearly 6,000 girls besides attending school with boys. Social ideas are being leavened meanwhile. In Japan a forward movement contemplates effort to reach the peasant classes hitherto but slightly affected by Christianity, the effect of which has thus far been mainly upon the upper classes. Quite exceptionally in usual missionary experience, a large proportion of Christian men hold leading positions as members of the legislature, officers in the army and navy, teachers and professors in the national universities and colleges. The Japanese seem more ready to welcome Christian teaching than ever before, and more missionaries are needed. In west ern Turkey the work of evangelization is passing into native hands, and the missionaries are devoted specially to the training of an educated leadership, with 384 young men and women now in colleges, and 1,283 in high and boarding schools. In eastern Turkey, though the Armenians are recovering from the massacres, the life of the churches is paralyzed by the dread of their repetition, many pastors and leaders have fled the country, and the missionary force, burdened with the support of two thousand orphans, is very hard pressed. Only in China is it in worse straits. Here, however, there is a great contrast. While the Shansi Mission has been entirely swept away by massacre, and the North China Mission has lost five stations out of seven, besides its missionaries slain at Paotingfu, the South China Mission has been unusually prospered, with a gain in communicants of thirty-two per cent. Here remarkable success has followed the labors of Chinese converted in America and returning as missionaries. The statement deserves record here that during the Boxer persecution some came forward to join the church-twenty-two in May, 1900-and that all who had been baptized stood firm. In Austria, Spain, and Mexico a liberalizing evangelical work is being prosecuted with good results, although in Spain it has been more bitterly opposed than for thirty years, and with outbreaks of violence that are openly condemned by Spanish liberals. The Christian Endeavor movement is actively promoted by Mrs. Gulick's flourishing International Institute for Girls,

Missionaries Vindicated

It has often been claimed that the missionaries formed the principal cause of the recent outbreak in China. The most recent testimony to the contrary comes from Mr. Goodnow, United States Consul-General at Shanghai. He says that the work of American missionaries in particular had done much to make the people, as a whole, friendly rather than unfriendly to the missionary cause, because thousands of Chinese were freely treated in our hospitals, and other thou sands freely educated in our schools. Li-Hung-Chang had told Mr. Goodnow that he considered American missionaries superior to those of any other country. The Boxer outbreak originated in the province of Shantung, a district where there is always flood or famine. For several seasons there had been very small crops. The people of Shantung, says Mr. Goodnow, are poor and dissatisfied, and the conditions were ripe for an outbreak when thousands of junkmen were temporarily thrown out of work by the new railways which the foreigners were building. The disregard of Chinese susceptibilities with which this work was pursued, Mr. Goodnow points out, was skillfully used by political agitators for their own ends, and was an occasion of ultimate war and massacre. Another cause, he says, is the new communication by telegraph, which has spread a knowledge of outside affairs among all classes of Chinese; newspapers have also increased greatly, and all classes read them now. As they have learned of foreign ideas of China, these readers had become impressed with pride of country and determination to thwart suggested plans of foreign Powers. While the quieting influence of the southern Viceroys kept the uprising confined to the northern provinces, several of these Viceroys told Mr. Goodnow that if partition of China were attempted, they would not try to restrain their people. Americans are popular in China, adds Mr. Goodnow, as the people know that we do not want any part of their country.

While a movement for The Social Apostolate a revival of religion in the familiar line begins in this city and elsewhere with the incoming of the new

century, and is entered into with especial zeal by the Methodist Church, a religious revival of an unfamiliar type begins in Chicago under the lead of Dr. George B. Herron. Associated with him are several young men who have had pastoral experience, and whom he has inspired by his teaching and his spirit. "The Social Apostolate," as it is called, begins in Chicago on the first Sunday of January with a series of discourses at the Central Music Hall by Dr. Herron. The type of the revival in view is suggested by the leading sub ject, "The Economics of the Kingdom of Heaven," and by the subject of the opening discourse, "The Need of a New Relig ious Synthesis." Professor Herron holds, with the late Roswell D. Hitchcock, of Union Theological Seminary, that the Christianizing of Christendom is the great need of our times. But he holds further that this cannot be accomplished until our present economic order is transformed into accord with the spirit of brotherhood which is vital to Christianity. That this involves serious self-sacrifice is apparent, but this also is vital to Christianity. This, in brief, is the message of the Social Apostolate, a preaching of the cross in its demand for the crucifixion of egoistic interests, so that industrial and commercial life may be conformed to the Christian principle of the brotherhood of men. Professor Herron's discourses are to continue every Sunday afternoon till April. His associates are to carry on a branch work meanwhile. Neighboring cities, as Rockford and Elgin, have called for the new evangel. It is designed to extend it from Chicago as a center to other large industrial cities, and particularly to New York. "The Social Crusader," published monthly at Chicago, at fifty cents a year, and edited by the Rev. J. Stitt Wilson, one of Dr. Herron's associates, is the press representative of this interesting

which he was called in 1880, as Professor of Hebrew at Hackney, and, in 1882, to its principalship. His subsequently published works procured him an eminent reputation as a theologian, while his organizing ability and energy effected a remarkable transformation and development in the college. As teacher, preacher, and administrator Dr. Cave possessed a rare combination of qualities, pervaded with a peculiarly deep and fervid evangelical spirit, which, coupled with high learning, tempered him with a conservatism quite free from narrowness. He passed away in his prime, at the age of fifty-six.

University of Berlin is larger and more important than that at any other German university, and the colony of Americans in Berlin now exceeds in number the colony which was long so prominent in numbers and quality, that at Dresden. American Episcopalians in Berlin are in the habit of attending the services at St. George's, the beautiful English church in one of the royal parks, but those who are not Episcopalians have had no worthy church-home. For forty years they have met in a hall, to which they have endeavored to give as ecclesiastical an appearance as possible. Those who have visited Berlin or resided there will learn with satisfaction that the American church has now secured and paid for a lot on Nollendorf Platz, in the center of the American colony. Governmental red tape has been cut, and permission to build received; the contract is ready for signature, but to finish the proposed structure without a debt the sum of fifteen thousand dollars is lacking. Debt in a place like Berlin would be specially disastrous to a foreign religious enterprise, for, as Dr. Dickie, the energetic pastor of the church, says, "Here is no abiding community; we preach to a procession." He appeals to the American people, and particularly to those who have enjoyed the benefits of life and work in Berlin, to take away such a reproach from the name of America in Germany, and to provide a center for the religious and social life of the two thousand of our compatriots,

years ago; it has now an average attendance of about a hundred persons, with a Bible class of half that number. The services are conducted according to the Episcopal form, but they are entirely free from any sectarian bias. Munich is the seat of a renowned university, and it is a center for the study of music, painting, and sculpture. The length of a student's residence in Munich ranges from one to four years. Here, as in Berlin, many young American men and women find themselves surrounded by conditions of life hitherto quite unknown to them. For the first time, perhaps, they are cut loose from the restraints of home and religion. As Mr. Royce, the pastor of the Munich American Church, suggests, this may be the most perilous crisis in their lives. A home church in such capitals as Berlin and Munich is probably the one link to bind these young people to their country and their religion. Only those who, as students, have actually experienced life in Germany, France, or Italy can fully appreciate the importance of the patriotic, moral, and religious influence exercised by the American church abroad. The Munich institution has special claims on home support; Mr. Royce has no salary, and his church receives no aid from any source in America except as it is generously given by individuals. Contributions for the Berlin church may be sent to the Rev. Dr. Dickie, who is temporarily in this country. He may be addressed at the St. Denis Hotel, New York City. Contributions for the Munich church may be sent to the Rev. Monroe Royce, No. 7 Maffei Strasse, Munich, Bavaria.

persons. This did not prevent his issuance of eight encyclicals and twenty apostolic letters. Frenchmen are querying as to whether the Pope's first written document in 1901 may not be concerning their affairs. They know that the growth of Roman Catholic associations in France has disturbed his tranquillity, and that he will endeavor to protect the really good orders possibly menaced by the bill which the Government has already introduced in Parliament. This measure would strike at all societies, associations, or orders, whether religious or not, which are suspected of being centers of treasonable propaganda, just as, with reason, the Government struck at the Assumptionists. and found it to be both an anti-Semite and a Royalist enginery. M. WaldeckRousseau, the Premier, says that such a law is necessary to insure the permanency of republican institutions. On the contrary, Leo XIII. is said to have called the measure "the negation of all the laws of liberty"-but this should be taken with a grain of salt, as the Pope is too astute a diplomat to allow himself to be "interviewed;" if he has views to express, they come in the form of an encyclical or a pastoral letter. There is no question, however, as to the views of most of the Roman Curia-the prelates forming the Vatican councils. Through their organs they have already pointed out to M. Waldeck-Rousseau that his great predecessor, Gambetta, did not succeed in endeavoring to legalize a similar policy.

A Buddhist Circular

The New York "Independent" publishes a circular issued in the name of the " Representatives of the Great Japan Buddhists' Union at their headquarters" in Kyoto, Japan, addressed to the "consideration of ecclesiastics throughout the world." The authors of this circular make themselves to a certain extent responsible for the charges which have been preferred against the Christian missionaries in China. We think that history abundantly shows that these charges are greatly exaggerated where they are not wholly false; that the anti-foreign feeling is very slightly, if at all, due to prejudices against the missionaries, and is chiefly, if not wholly, due to the contemptuous disregard of Chinese