Dignities heaped upon him by Charles V., 534. Murders his prisoners at Quimperlé, 534. And obtains the name of the Butcher, 534. Besieges La Roche-sur- Yon, 534. Besieged by the English in Quimperlé, 536. Saved by the truce of Bruges, 537. Charged with the office of either aweing or inducing Nantes to submit to France, 547. Resistance of the Bretons, 547. Appointed to the office of constable of the kingdom, 552. Created constable, ii. 7 Clisson, Olivier de, crosses the Lys, and takes Commines, ii. 26, 27. At the battle of Roose- becque, 28. His address to the Parisians, 30. Advises the King to prepare an expe- dition against England, 37. Fits out a fleet in Brittany, 37. Which is dispersed in a storm, 37. Seized and imprisoned by the Duke of Brittany, 38. But ransomed, 38. Appointed by Charles VI. over military affairs, 40. Attempt of Pierre de Craon to assassinate him, 43. Retires to his castles in Brittany, and levies war upon the duke, 44. Deprived of his office of constable, 44 Clive, Robert (afterwards Lord), his rise, iv. 259. Takes Arcot, 259. His victory at Plassy, iv. 275
Clootz, Anacharsis, expelled from the Conven- tion, iv. 633. Imprisoned, 640. Executed, 610, 641
Closter Camp, battle of, iv. 280 Clothaire I., King of the Franks, his reunion of the empire, i. 6. Leads the German Franks against the Saxons, and is beaten, 7. His edict as to the arbitrary conduct of judges and tax-gatherers, 7. Division of his empire into Neustria and Austrasia, 8 Clothaire II., his accession to the whole Frank empire, i. 11. Gives his son Dagobert to the Austrasians as their prince, 11 Clotilda, Princess of Burgundy, married to Clovis, King of the Franks, i. 4 Cloud, St., burned by the English, i. 424. De- feat of the Armagnacs at, ii. 86. Invested by John, Duke of Burgundy, 122. Bought for Marie Antoinette, iv. 369. The royal family prevented from going to, 456 Clovis, or Clodovig, Frank chief of Tournay,
i. 3. Attacks and defeats Ægidius, Roman governor of Gaul, 4. His marriage with Clotilda, 4. His conversion and baptism, 4. His defeat of the Burgundians on the Ouche, and the Goths at Vouglé, 5. His rivalry with Theodoric, Gothie king of Italy, 5. His conquests south of the Loire, 5. The ensigns of the consular dignity sent to him by the Emperor Anastasius, 5. His hold over Bur- gundy and Aquitaine, 5. His death, 6. Similarity between Clovis and Charlemagne,
Clubs of Paris. See Republicans, Socialists,
Cluny, interview of St. Louis with Innocent III. at, i. 229, 230. Death of Pope Gelasius II. at the abbey of, 124
Clyton, William, son of Duke Robert Short Hose, takes refuge in France, i. 118. His cause embraced by Louis the Fat, 118. But afterwards abandoned by Louis, 125. Be- comes count of Flanders, 127. Killed, 127 Coalition Ministry, formation of, v. 513, 514 Coalition of Radical parties, their meetings to oppose Louis Philippe, v. 579, 583. Their disagreements, 580. Their banquets pro- hibited, 583. Compromise with the police and government, 583. Their procession pro- hibited, 584. Impeach M. Guizot, 585. None of its members counsel an emeute, 585. Com- mencement of the Revolution of February, 1848, 586. Its progress, 587, et seq. Cobenzel, M., Austrian minister, his interview with French envoy, iv. 484. States his sus- picions of French Government, 484. Forced to yield to Buonaparte, v. 40, 52. Signs treaty of Luneville, 91
Cobham, Fastolf, Lord, sent to the assistance of the Duke of Burgundy, ii. 85 Coburg, Prince of, commands the Austrians, iv. 563. Gains the battle of Neerwinden, 564. Receives Dumouriez into his tent, 565. Captures Condé and Valenciennes, 603. Besieges Cambray, 615. Defeated at Wat- tignies, 617. Defeated at Fleurus, 661. Re- treats from Brussels, 661 Cocherel, battle of, i. 505
Cochon, M., first minister of police, v. 10 Cockade, the revolutionary, iv. 428 Coronas, confidant of the Duke of Alençon,
brought to trial, iii. 158. Executed, 159. His head brought to the Duchess of Nevers, 159, note
Code Napoléon, enforcement of, on conquered kingdoms of Europe, v. 145
Cœur, Jacques, his ability and patriotism, ii. 200. Supplies the fund for recommencing the war with the English, 225. His ability, 233. Regarded with jealousy by the court, 233. Charges made against him by the courtiers, 235. His fall, 235, 236. Escapes to Rome, 236. His subsequent life, 236. Amends made by Charles VII. to Jacques' children, 236
Cœuvres, Marquis de, commands an expedition to the Valteline, iii. 449-451. His successes there, 451
Cognac surrenders to the French, i. 533. The gabelleurs of, put to death, ii. 600. Failure of the Catholics to take, iii. 104. Given up
to the Duke d'Alençon, 170. Meeting of Catherine of Medicis and Henry of Navarre at, 208. Besieged by the Prince of Condé, 616 Cohorn, Dutch engineer, his capture of Namur, iv. 48. His want of zeal, 88
Coigny, Duke de, commands the French at Pavia, iv. 204. Where he defeats the Aus- trians, 204
Coinage, St. Louis's regulations respecting the, i. 269. The new, of Philip the Fair, 311. The second recoinage of Philip, 327. Who agrees to re-establish the gold coin of the reign of St. Louis, 354. Reforms of Louis X., 366. Exorbitant use made by the nobles in this reign of the right to coinage, 367. Proposed improvements of the coinage of Philip the Long, 377. Philip of Valois' plan of alternately debasing, and raising the standard of, the coin, 418. The coinage tampered with by John II., 448. Complaint of the trading classes of the abasement of the, in the reign of John II., 467. The chancellor obliged by the Commons to retire, 468. The rate and value of money fixed and made certain by Charles V., 540. The coinage of Henry V. of England, ii. 138. Adultera- tion of the coin by the Constable Richmont, 195.
Able management of the coin by Jacques Cœur, 200. Designs of Louis XI. as to the uniformity of coins, 343, 344. Le- coinages of Louis XIV. and the Regency, iv. 158. Coin prohibited by law, 175 Colbert, Jean Baptist, patronised by Cardinal Mazarin, iii. 617. His financial proposals, 638. His discovery of the frauds of Fouquet, 653, 654. Becomes minister of finance, 655. His financial reforms, 656. His commercial enmity to the Dutch, 670. His political economy, iv. 2. Deplores the expatriation of the Huguenot industrious classes, 3, note, 12. His vain struggle against bigotry, 12. His restrictions on Dutch trade, 23. His colony of Canada and Louisiana, 27. Aided in the finances by Pomponne, 47. Review of his administration, 50, 51. His death, 55. His views as to the importance of colonies and foreign commerce, iv. 163
Coligny, Gaspard de, Admiral, recovers Hesdin from the Imperialists, ii. 612. At the skir- mish of Renti, 616. Quarrels with the Duke of Guise, 616. His attempt to surprise Douay, 622. His defence of St. Quentin, 624. Taken prisoner there, 626. Openly inclines to Protestantism, 641. His scheme for colonising Brazil, 641. His parentage and connections, iii. 11. His character, 11. His organisation of the French army, 11, note. Policy recommended by him to Catherine de Medicis, 12. Attends the meeting at Fon- tainebleau, 27. His request, 27. His sub-
sequent more precise and personal demands, 27. His opposition to the Duke of Guise. 28. Endeavours to obtain a disavowal of the Council of Trent from Charles IX. and Queen Elizabeth, 45. Admitted, with his brother, to the council, 51. Advises the assembly of St. Germain's, 51. Hesitates to obey Conde's summons, 55. Joins Condé at Meaux, 34. Routs the Marquis d'Elbeuf at Châteaudun, 67. His part in the battle of Dreux, 70–72. Goes to Normandy, and leaves his brother to defend Orleans, 73. His indignation at the treaty of Amboise, 75. Endeavours of Ca- therine de Medicis to patch up a peace be tween him and the Duke of Guise, 90. HIS attachment to Condé, and loss of the King's favour, 92. Proposes the seizure of the King's person, 93. Marches with Condé to Par and invests the city, 94. His bravery at the battle of St. Denis, 96. Plot laid for his de- struction, 100. Escapes to La Rochelle, 101. At the battle of Jarnac, 102. Takes the com- mand after the death of Condé, 103. A re- ward offered by the court for Coligny's head, 104. Besieges Poitiers, 105. Raises the siege, 105. Defeated and wounded at the battle of Moncontour, 105-107. Winters in Gascony, 108. Marches towards the Rhine, 108. Defeats a royalist army at Arnay Duc, and advances into Champagne, 109. His plan of operations, 109. Receives sue- cours from Queen Elizabeth, 109. Bidden to court, 116. The King's reception of him, 117. Presses the King to invade Flanders, 117. His quarrel with the Queen-mother, 118. The Guises recalled to court to be n- conciled to the Admiral, 120. Hostility of the Queen-mother to him, 125. Advises a rupture with Spain, 129. Demands a French army to aid the Prince of Orange, 130, 131. Retires to his château, 132. Goes to Pa to attend the marriage of the King of Na- varre, 133. Shot by order of a follower of the Duke of Guise, 135. The King's visit to him, 135, 136. The Duke of Anjou's account of the murderous attempt, 136. Murdered by the Duke of Guise and his followers, 141. His memory cleared by the peace of Mor- sieur, iii. 177
Coligny, Count of, sent with an army agains the Turks, iii. 650. Whom he defeats at St. Gothard, 650 College de France, influence of the, in the reign of Francis I., ii. 460 Colloquies forbidden to the Protestants, iv 6 Collot d'Herbois, brings the Swiss soldiers of Châteauvieux regiment to the fête at Paris, iv. 486. Returned member of the Convention. 535. Moves that France be declared a re- public, 536. His sanguinary measures against the Lyonese, 619. His attempted assassin-
ation, 647. He and his party denounce Robespierre, 655. His signal courage at the assault of Henriot, 658. Arrested, 668. Condemned to deportation, 671 Cologne, the Archbishop of, expelled, ii. 311. Restored by Charles the Rash, of Burgundy, 311. Entered by the Prince of Condé, iii. 570. Endeavours of Louis XIV. to secure the archbishopric of, for one of his dependents, iv. 29. Importance of the prelacy, 29 Colonies, Colbert's views as to the importance of, iv. 163. Rivalry between France and England as to colonial empire, 211, 212 Colonna family, exiled by Boniface VIII., i. 330. Restored by Benedict XIV., 332 Colonna faction, its pillage of Rome, ii. 496 Colonna, Fabrizio, at the battle of Ravenna, ii. 435. Taken prisoner, 436
Colonna, Prospero, taken prisoner at Villa- franca, ii. 453. At Milan, 473. Repulses the French at Bicocca, 473. Commands the imperial armies in Italy, 479. Which he shuts up in Milan, Cremona, and Pavia, 479. Besieged in Milan, 479
Colonna, Sciarra, exiled by Boniface VIII., i. 330, 331. Raises a body of horse, and seizes the Pope's person, 331
Colons, or rent-payers, i. 358
Colporteurs, the, of the eighteenth century, iv.
Columban, St., his mission to the Franks, i. 17 Combalet, Madame de, her reception by Queen Marie de Medicis, iii. 499
Combat, trial by single, established, i. 10. Abolished by Louis IX., 249 Combourne, castle of, purchased by Philip VI. from the brigand Bacon, i. 437 Comines, Philip de, sent with a command to
the North, ii. 329. And afterwards to the South, 329. His views as to the right of taxation, 350. Not in the council of Anne of Beaujeu, 352. Attaches himself to the Duke of Bourbon, and becomes the councillor of him and the Duke of Orleans, 362. Seized by Charles VIII., and imprisoned, 366. Be- comes French ambassador at Venice, 387 Comité de Salut Public, establishment of the, iv. 570, 609
Commerce, Colbert's views as to the importance of, iv. 163
Commines, taken by the Constable Clisson, ii. 26, 27
Comminges, county of, complaints of the Estates
of, ii. 214. The strongholds of, restored by Charles VII., 214. The county given by Louis XI. to the Bastard of Armagnac, 253 Commission, first instance of an extraordinary royal, i. 298
Commons, their encroachments on the powers
of the crown, i. 465-467. See Estates; France Commune, or Municipality, first recorded use
of the word, i. 99. Communes founded by Le Mans and Cambray, 99. Causes of the gradual decay and disappearance of the, 387. Insurrection of the, on the 9th of August, iv. 509, et seq. Plunder the Tuileries and the country houses, 520. Sack the Garde Meuble, 520. Advised by Robespierre and Marat to erect a revolutionary tribunal, 521. Pass a decree to incarcerate wives and children of émigrés, 522. Set the guillotine in motion, 522. Massacre the priests and other prison- ers at the Abbaye and Carmes, 524. Emeute of the Communes and Sections of Paris against the grocers, 565. Rise against the Convention, which they overthrow, 566-589. See Convention; Assembly; Directory, &c. Compagnons de Jésus et du Soleil, formation of, by the anti-terrorists, v. 10 Compagnies d'Ordonnance, or regular army, first formation of the, i. 539
Companies, Free, their pillaging excursions, i. 498, 499. Defeat the royal troops under Jacques de Bourbon at Brignais, 499. Hired by the Marquis of Montferrat against Milan, 499. Their greed and rapacity, 508. Efforts of the Emperor and the Pope to induce them to march against the Infidel, 509. And after- wards against Pedro of Castille, under Du Guesclin, 509, 510
Companies, union of the, against Mazarin, iii. 583
Compiègnes, forest of, Philip Augustus be- nighted in the, i. 148. Muster of Philip the Fair's army at, 312. Meeting of the Estates at, 476. Garrisoned by the Burgundians, ii. 102. Who are compelled by the citizens to withdraw, 102. Surrenders to Charles VII., 171. Besieged unsuccessfully by the Duke of Burgundy, 174. Relieved by Jeanne d'Arc, 174. Marie de Medicis placed under a guard at, 501
'Compte Rendu' of Necker, appearance of the, iv. 362, 365. Bourboulon's answer to it, 395. Publication of the, v. 467 Compte, M., procureur du roi, dismissed, v. 437
Conciergerie, forced by the Parisians, and the captives murdered, ii. 125. Massacre at the, iv. 527
Concini, favourite of Marie de Medicis, iii. 387. His rapacity, 389. His intrigues, 397. Cre- ated Maréchal d'Ancre, 399. Advises peace with the malcontent grandees, 399. contempt of the Estates, 405. Obtains Nor- mandy and Caen, 409. Determines to be rid of the Bourbons, 409. Makes himself odious to the King, 410. Conspiracy against him, 411. His cruelty, 411. Murdered, 414. His remains insulted by the populace, 415. Treatment of his son by Anne of Austria, 415, 416.
Concordat between Francis I. and Pope Leo X., ii. 458
Concubines, Church, prohibited, ii. 218 Condé, town of, taken by Louis XI., who aban- dons it immediately, ii. 339. Captured by the Duke of Coburg, iv. 603
Condé, le Grand. See Louis, le Grand Condé.' Condé, Louis, Prince of. See Louis, Prince of
Condé Condé, Prince of, his marriage, iii. 133. Pro- position to slay him, 144. Alternative of- fered him by the King, 145. Escapes, 158. The Duke of Anjou's attachment to the Prin- cess of Condé, 163, 166. Her death, 166. Conde's endeavours to excite the German Pro- testant princes to invade France, 166. Ob- tains forces in Germany, 169. Conclusion of a truce, 170. Mezières given up to him, 170. Marches through Burgundy to join Damville, 172. Granted the government of Picardy, 173. His protest against the vali- dity of the Estates of Blois, 181. His quarrels with the ministers and townsmen of La Ro- chelle, 186. Takes La Fere, 194. Protests against the peace of Fleix, 194. Signs the concordat of Magdeburg, 199. Joins the King of Navarre in his answer to the edict of reunion, 205. Excommunicated by the Pope, 205. Defeats the Duke of Mercœur, and besieges Brouage, 206. His rash attempt upon Angers, 206. His jealousy of Henry of Navarre, 212
Condé, Prince of, Louis Philippe pays court to, v. 435. His mistress, Sophie Dawes, 435. His suspicious death, 435. Wills estate of Chantilly to Duc d'Aumale, 435
Condé, Princess of, flings herself into Bordeaux,
iii. 601. Withdraws, 603. Petitions Par- liament for the liberation of her husband, 602
Condillac, his contributions to the Encyclo- pédie,' iv. 295
Condorcet, L'Abbé, his pamphlet on the Provin- cial Assemblies, iv. 394. Becomes member of the Legislative Assembly, 467. Votes for the detention or exile of the King, 554. Draws up a report on the new constitution, 557. Anticipates his execution by taking poison, 646
Conflans, treaty of, ii. 274
Conflans, De, Marshal of Champagne, mur- dered in the Louvre, i. 474 Conflans, Admiral, destruction of his fleet, iv.
Joins the Emperor Otho in his invasion of France, 59
Conrad II., Emperor of Germany, his defeat of Eudes, Count of Champagne, i. 90. Estab- lishes suzerainty over Lorraine and Flanders,
Conrad III., Emperor of Germany, joins the Second Crusade, i. 137. Surprised and over- whelmed in Asia Minor, 138
Conradin, son of Conrad IV., Emperor of Ger- many, marches to claim Naples, i. 256. De- feated by Charles of Anjou, 256. Who exe cutes him in Naples, 257 Conscription, the first, enacted by the Conven- tion, iv. 559
Conscription, law of, v. 53 Conseil, M., police spy, sent to Switzerland, v. 505. Denounced by the republicans, 505 Considérant, M., escapes to England, v. 643 Constable, office of, suppressed by Richelieu, iii. 468
Constance, Council of, convoked, ii. 103. Reg lations of the, 104. Acts of the, 104-107. Denounced by John XXIII., 106. Condew Huss to death, 106. Its failure in every- thing except in restoring papal unity, 189 Constance, diet of German princes at, sun- moned by Maximilian I., ii. 425
Constance of Aquitaine, married to King Robert Capet, i. 81. Her persecution of heretics, 86. Her tyranny over her husband. 87. Constance, Princess of Castile, married to Louis VII., i. 140.
Constance, mother of Arthur Plantagenet, i, 163 Constant, Benjamin, his remarks on the Reign of Terror, iv. 660. Unites with Napoleon in drawing up a new constitution, v. 247. Opposes Decazes, 296. Opposes Corbière's measures, 311
Constantine, failure of attack on, v. 507. Cap- tured, 511.
Constantine, the Grand Duke, Viceroy of War
Constantinople, fall of the Latin empire of i 254. Aim of Charles of Anjou to restore the Latin empire of, 282. Taken by th Turks, ii. 241
Constitution de l'an VIII., re-enacted in 1871, v. 662
Consulate, its history:-Its formation, v. 71. Its members, 75. Their preliminary pr ceedings, 75. Buonaparte takes the chair, 77. Buonaparte first consul, 78. See Na- poleon I.; Napoleon III.
Contades, Marshal, commands the French at Minden, iv. 278. Loses the battle, 279. Recalled, 279
Contest, St., minister of foreign affairs, en- deavours to promote war with England, iv. 261
Conti, Prince of, recognises Henry IV. as king,
iii. 254. Defeated in Brittany by the Duke of Mercœur, 289
Conti, Prince of, his imbecility, iii. 385 Conti, Prince of, brother of Le Grand Condé,' secured by De Retz, iii. 592. The govern- ment of Champagne given to him, 598. Arrested, 600. Released, 606. His pro- posed marriage with Mademoiselle de Chev- reuse broken off, 606. Holds out for the Fronde at Bordeaux, 633
Conti, Prince of (temp. Louis XV.), commands under the Duke of Berwick in Spain, iv. 155. Carries off three cart-loads of specie from Law's bank, 172. Lends two millions to the government, 282, 308. Aspires to the throne of Poland, 315. Charged by Turgot with sub- orning a riot, 347
Contraband trade, futile attempts of Napoleon to prevent, v. 147, 148
Conty, Marquis of, murdered, iii. 142 Conventicles, Huguenot, forbidden, iii. 15 Convention, a national, proposed by Verginaud,
Convention, the, how constituted, iv. 535. Its
most conspicuous members, 535. Abolish royalty, and declare France a republic, 536. Ordain that municipal and other bodies shall be re-elected, 536. Mountain party de- nounce the Gironde, 537. Futile efforts of, to retain the Mountain, 537. Disputes in the, as to the dictatorship, 539, et seq. Pro- positions for trial and death of Louis XVI., 546, 547. Trial of the King before, 548, et sq.
Divided as to the condemnation of the King, 552. Majority of, condemn the King, 554. Execution of the, 556. Their public measures, 557. Their war policy, 558. Their government and pretensions alarm the states of Europe, 559. Levy an army of 300,000 men, 559. Conduct of their commissaries in Belgium, 558, 561. Invasion of Holland, 562. Conquest of Frankfort, 663. Betrayed by Du- mouriez, 564. Depose their general, whom they compel to fly into the Austrian camp, 564. Proposition for a revolutionary tribunal, 566. The Mountain propose to march on, and slaughter the Girondists, 567. To propitiate the Mountain, they establish the Revolu- tionary Tribunal, 567. Destruction of the Gironde press, 568. Comité de Salut public formed, 570. Disturbances at Orleans and Lyons, 571. Disturbances in La Vendée, 572. Struggles between the Mountain and the Gironde, 573, et seq. Vote the maximum price of corn, 575. Its sittings proposed to be removed to Versailles, 577. Removed to the Tuileries, 578. Gaudet proposes mea- sures for its safety, 578. Debates and measures against its unpopular members, 579, et seq. Defence of the assembly by the Moderates, 581. Insurrection of May 31,
584. Girondist members arrested, 585. Overthrown by the communes and sections, 589. Now united in the Mountain: for con- tinuation of their history see Mountain, proceedings of the. Campaign in Belgium, and renewed hostilities with Austria, 661. Siege of Charleroi, 661. Retreat of the Prince of Coburg and the Austrians, 661. Proposal to restore survivors of the Gironde to, 665. Sièyes' law to defend, 669. Arrest and deport leaders of the Mountain, 670, 671. Confer the command of Paris on General Pichegru, 671. Insurrection in Paris, 671, 672. Revival of insurrection in La Vendée, 673. Confer command of army in Brittany on General Hoche, 674. Diffi- culties of, increased by famine, 675, et seq. Revival of the Bread disturbances, 676. The assembly again attacked by the mob, 677. Defended by Legendre and the Section forces, 679. Arrest remaining members of the Mountain, whom they order to be tried and executed, 679-681. Form a new consti- tution, 683. Propose a government of five directors, 684. Insurrection of the 11th Vendemiaire, 686, et seq. Entrust the com- mand of the troops to Napoleon Buonaparte, who defeats the insurgents, 687, et seq. De- clare its mission terminated, and its session over, 690. Summary of its character, pro- ceedings, and government, 690, et seq. With its close, the REVOLUTION may be said to have expired, 690. Its reign resembles that of Louis XIV., v. 1. Its sittings in 1795, 5. Its new organisation, 5. Babœufs conspi- racy, 12, 13. Troubles in La Vendée, 14. Successes of, in Piedmont, and their appoint- ment of Buonaparte to command the army, 17. Send Duke of Feltre ambassador to Austria, 27. Dissolved by Buonaparte, and their hall cleared by General Leclerk, 71. See Napoleon I.; Directory; Mountain; Gironde; Robespierre
Coote, Sir Eyre, his successes in India, iv. 275 Copenhagen, battle of, v. 93 Coqueville, Huguenot captain, hanged by Maréchal Cossé, iii. 100
Corbeil, occupied by Sir Robert Knollis, i. 526 Corbie, Arnaud de, appointed minister of justice to Charles VI., ii. 40. Sent to renew the truce with England, 41
Corbie, captured by the Spaniards, iii. 513. Retaken by the French, 514
Corbière, M. de, appointed finance minister, v. 313. Minister of public instruction, his treatment of Paris University, 311. Re- signs, 313. Refuses to interfere in the matter of Philippe the Actor, 341. Creates disturbances at the funeral of Rochefoucauld, 359. His conduct resented by the Upper Chamber, 360
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