Ohio Penitentiary, Columbus. CHARLES C. WALCUTT, Warden. Number of convicts in prison, Oct. 31, 1866, 860. Received during the year, 431. Total number in prison, 1,291. Number discharged-by expiration of sentence, 193; pardoned, 60; by military authority, 7; order of Supreme Court, 1; taken out for new trial, 5; transferred to reform farm, 2; died, 18; escaped, 4; total, 290. Remaining, Oct. 31, 1867-males, 976; females, 25; total, 1,001. Cause of commitment-burglary, 69; burglary and larceny, 42; grand larceny, 130; horse stealing, 30; forgery, 14; passing counterfeit money, 15; larceny, 11; manslaughter, 12; murder in 2d degree, 7; assaults, 16; robbery, 11; rape, 6; stealing, 18; miscellaneous 50: total, 431. There were in prison, Oct. 81, 1867, 64 convicts under sentence for life.

POPULATION, WEALTH AND INDUSTRY.

The population of the state in 1867 was estimated at 3,000,000. The following table gives the population by each census since 1800:

Ohio was settled chiefly by emigrants from New England, and the increase in population was more rapid in its early history than for the last thirty years. It has sent a large number of emigrants to the states west of it during this latter period.

Nearly all the land in the state may be described as of good quality, yet the valleys of the rivers, and particularly of the two Miamis, the Scioto, the Maumee, and their tributaries, contain the most valuable and fertile lands. About 14,000,000 acres are improved, either as pasture, grass, cultivated in grain, or planted in orchards, gardens, or lawns, leaving eleven and onehalf million acres unimproved, either in the condition of forests or commons. In 1865, Ohio stood third among the states of the Union in the production of wheat and corn, and fourth in the yield of oats, and surpassed all other states in the number and value of horses, sheep, and the amount of the wool crop.

The banks of the Ohio above and below Cincinnati are covered with extensive vineyards, from which large quantities of wine are annually manufactured.

Though not possessing a great variety of mineral products, the state has inexhaustible supplies of coal and iron. The coal fields in the eastern and south-eastern portions cover an area of 12,000 square miles, extending through 20 counties, and embrace nearly one-third of the area of the whole state. Iron ore of very superior quality for the finer castings is found in several counties.

Abundance of limestone, sandstone, freestone, and other varieties of building stone are found in the state. Large quantities of salt are manufactured for market.

No state in the Union has a more extensive system of railroads, according to the area covered and the amount of population. Two canals connect the Ohio river with Lake Erie, a third connects Cincinnati with Cambridge City in Indiana. It has great facilities for commerce, having a shore line on Lake

Erie, with harbors capable of accommodating the heaviest and most extensive shipping, and, by way of the lakes and the St. Lawrence, direct communication with the ocean.

Products for 1866. Corn, 99,766,822 bushels; value, $53,874,084; wheat, 10,208,854 bushels; value, $25,726,312; rye, 591,121 bushels; value, $644,322; oats, 22,187,420 bushels; value, $8,874,968; barley, 1,294,139 bushels; value, $1,475,318; buckwheat, 1,705,785 bushels; value, $1,876,363; potatoes, 4,516,640 bushels; value, $3,477,813; tobacco, 25,593,815 pounds; value, $1,714,785; hay, 1,963,799 tons; value, $21,601,789.

Banks. Number of National Banks, Sept. 30, 1868-organized, 137; closed or closing, 4; in operation, 133; capital paid in, $22,404,700.

Railroads. In 1841, Ohio had 36 miles of railroad; in 1864, 3,311 miles, being the property of 30 companies, and constructed at a cost of $117,583,000.

28. OREGON.

Capital, Salem. Area, 95,274 Square miles. Population, (1860,) 52,465.

Oregon was first visited by Europeans about 1775. Capt. Robert Gray took possession of it in 1792, naming its principal river after his vessel, the Columbia, of Boston. It was soon after visited by traders from the American Fur Company, and from the British Hudson's Bay Company.

The northern boundary line remained unsettled until the treaty with Great Britain in 1846, when the 49th parallel was adopted.

It was organized as a territory, August 4, 1848, was divided March 2, 1852, the northern portion being called Washington, and the southern Oregon. A State constitution was adopted, Nov. 9, 1857, and it was admitted into the Union, February 14, 1859.

SAMUEL E. MAY, ex-officio...

State Treasurer.

Adjutant General....

Auditor..

Superintendent of Public Instruction. GEORGE L. WOOD....

The Governor, Secretary of State, Treasurer, and State Printer are elected by the people for four years. The general election for State and County officers is held on the first Monday in June, biennially. The Legislative Assembly is composed of a Sénate and House of Representatives, and convenes biennially at Salem on the second Monday in September. The Senate is composed of 16 members, elected for four years. The House of Representatives is composed of 34 members, elected for two years. The compensation of the members of the Legislative Assembly is $3 per day for the first forty days of a regular session, or the first twenty days of an extra session, and mileage at the rate of $3 for every twenty miles of travel to and from the capital.

Every white male citizen of full age, six months a resident in the State, and every white male alien of full age, resident in the United States one year, who has declared his intention, may vote. Sailors, soldiers, idiots, insane, Chinamen, and negroes, are excluded.

JUDICIARY.

The judicial power of the State is vested in a Supreme Court, and five Circuit Courts. The Supreme Court consists of five justices, (chosen in districts by the electors thereof,) who are also judges of the Circuit Courts in their respective districts. Their term of office is six years. The Supreme

Court holds one term annually at the seat of government, (Salem,) on the first Monday in September.

There is one prosecuting attorney in each judicial district, elected by the people for two years,

UNITED STATES COURTS.

Circuit Judge, Stephen J. Field. District Judge, Matthew P. Deady. District Attorney, John C. Cartwright. Marshal, Albert Zeiber.

SUPREME COURT.

Justices. P. P. Prim, Jacksonville; John Kelsey, Corvallis; R. P. Boise, Salem; W. W. Upton, Portland; Jos. G. Wilson, Dalles. Salaries, $2,000 each.

Disbursements during the fiscal years 1867 and 1868,

Balance in. Treasury Sept. 5, 1868,

The receipts were from the following sources:

$43,811.36

353,689.09

$397,500.45

357,116.59

$40,383.86

The Disbursements for the two years ending September 5, 1868, were from

The estimated expenses for the fiscal years commencing Sept. 1, 1868, and ending Aug. 31, 1870, exclusive of Extraordinary Appropriations for Special Purposes, and including outstanding warrants awaiting appropriation, are $221,586.82.

STATE DEBT.

The funded debt outstanding Sept. 5, 1868, consisted of

Bounty Bonds,

Relief Bonds,

$94,015.00 82,141.50 $176,156.50

Each class of Bonds bears interest at the rate of seven per cent. per annum, the first payable in 1884, the second in 1874, and there was in the Treasury, Sept. 5, 1868, to be applied to the interest and redemption of the foregoing, $18,300.11.

EDUCATION.

The principal collegiate institution is the Willamette University at Salem. It is under the charge of the Methodist Episcopal church, and was founded in 1853. It has an endowment of $30,000, and 600 volumes in its library. There are several other colleges and academies.

The system of common schools differs but little from that in the Eastern States, but owing to the sparseness of the population, its advantages are mainly prospective. There is a Superintendent of Public Instruction, who has the general supervision of the schools of the State. County school superintendents exercise supervision over the schools in the several counties, and report their condition to the State Superintendent. The Governor, Secretary of State, and Treasurer, are a Board of Commissioners for the sale of school lands.

Congress by various acts has donated to the State public lands for educational and other purposes, as follows:

1. School lands proper-i. e., the 16th and 36th sections or their equivalent where portions of such sections were held by donation claimants prior to the public surveys, and known in the General Land Office as "indemnity selections."

2. University lands, consisting of seventy-two sections, for the use and support of a State University.

3. Five hundred thousand acres of land granted under the provisions of act of Congress of Sept. 4, 1841, for purposes of internal improvement; and which, for convenience, and to avoid confusion, have been designated by the Board as "State lands."

4. Ninety thousand acres of land granted for the support of an Agricultural College.

In addition to the above, grants have been made to the State of all "swamp and overflowed lands," reported as such by the Commissioner of the General Land Office; ten sections for public buildings, and seventy-two sections of saline lands.

If

The University lands have been selected, and a portion of them sold. the State school lands are all sold, and the fund carefully managed, in a few years the School Fund will fully support a free school system. The interest on hand, September, 1868, amounted to more than $24,000 per annum-or two thousand dollars per month.

CHARITABLE AND PENAL INSTITUTIONS.

On the first of October, 1864, the Legislature authorized and directed the Governor to contract with private parties for the keeping, care and medical treatment of insane and idiotic persons. That contract expired on the first of December, 1868.

The constitution requires that among other public buildings, an asylum for the insane shall be erected at the capital. A site has been purchased for that purpose, and as soon as the financial strength of the State will permit, suitable buildings will be erected, and the management thereof be left to the exclusive control of the Legislative Assembly, as contemplated by the constitution.

The Penitentiary has been managed in such a manner as to give general satisfaction to the people. A suitable temporary building has been erected,

the best of police regulations have been established, insuring the safe-keeping of convicts; and labor has been so directed, aside from extensive permanent improvements made for the State, as to pay fifty per cent. of the entire expenditures of the penitentiary. During the last two years the convicts have been successfully employed in the erection of public buildings.

POPULATION, WEALTH AND INDUSTRY.

The population of Oregon in 1860 was 52,465. In 1868, it was estimated at over 100,000, and was steadily increasing. The State contains 60,975,360

acres, of which 52,700,000 were public lands undisposed of in 1868.

In reference to climate and agricultural capacities, Oregon may be divided into two distinct parts, the eastern and western, lying respectively on the east and west sides of the Cascade Mountains. Western Oregon, the portion first settled, containing the great preponderance of its present population, is 275 miles in length, with an average width of 110 miles, being nearly onethird of the entire State, nearly all of which is valuable for agriculture, grazing, or for timber growing, excepting the crests of some of the highest mountains. The valleys of the Willamette, the Umpqua, and Rogue rivers are embraced in this section. The soil of these valleys is rich and deep, resting upon a foundation of clay retentive of the elements of fertility. Larger portions of the valleys are open prairie, just rolling enough for the purposes of agriculture.

Eastern Oregon, extending from the Cascade Mountains to Snake River, is an elevated, rough, broken country of hills and mountains, table-lands, deep gorges, and almost impenetrable canons, with numerous fertile and arable valleys. The greater portion is incapable of tillage, but furnishes an extensive scope for grazing.

The forests of Oregon, like those of California, contain many of the most valuable timber trees in the world. The Cascade and Coast ranges, are covered with immense quantities of the sugar pine, the white and yellow pine,the nut pine, the red fir or Douglass spruce, the black fir, yellow fir, western balsam fir, the noble fir, the Oregon cedar, and the fragrant white cedar.

The salmon fisheries form an importent item. Vast quantities of fish are annually caught, and the business of putting them up for commerce is prosecuted with great success.

The Columbia is the chief river of Oregon, and the largest on the Pacific coast. For thirty or forty miles from its mouth it expands into a bay from three to seven miles wide. It is navigable to the Cascade mountains, one hundred and forty miles from its mouth, and on the east side of the Cascades, it is again navigable for forty-five miles to the Dalles. Eighteen or twenty first class steamboats run on the river, and there are warehouses at all the principal towns.