Evertson v. The National Bank of Newport. negotiable instruments, and as such representatives of money, the plaintiff acquired no better title than the party from whom he purchased them had; i. e., he took them subject to all the defects of his title and subject to the claims of the true owner. The instruments are not, upon their face, negotiable; they are not payable to any person by name, or his order, or to the bearer, or to the order of a fictitious person. In all the cases to which reference has already been made, the coupons contained distinct promises to pay the bearer the sums named therein at a time and place specified. They were perfect, negotiable instruments, independent of the bond from which they had been served, and were not only negotiable within the statutes upon that subject and the Law Merchant, but were intended by the parties to be negotiable. The negotiability of instruments depends somewhat upon statute. The statute of this State (1 R. S. 768) embodies, substantially, the law, and declares, as understood at the time, what instruments shall be negotiable. To bring an instrument within this statute there must be a promise to pay to the order of the maker, or some other person or his order, or to the order of a fictitious person, or to the bearer, a sum certain absolutely. Whether the parties to an instrument can give it a negotiable character with all the incidents pertaining to negotiable paper, when it is not in terms within the class of instruments known to the law as negotiable, may be questioned. Crouch v. Credit Foncier of England, L. R., 8 Q. B. 374. It is for the interest of corporations issuing bonds for the payment of money that they should be negotiable; and they are, ordinarily, made so upon their face; and such bonds, as well as the coupons attached thereto, have been held negotiable when payable to bearer; for the reason that they are promises to pay money in the form which, by the Law Merchant, would make them negotiable as representatives of money, the same as ordinary commercial instruments. In re Imperial Land Company of Marseilles, L. R., 11 Eq. Cases, 478. While it may be for the interest of the company issuing bonds, with a view to their ready negotiation, that they should be negotiable by delivery, there may not be the same reasons for making the coupons for the installments of interest. negotiable when detached from the bonds. The object of the interest warrants before us may be fully accomplished by regarding them as authority to the financial agent of the company to pay the amount named therein upon presentation, although detached Evertson v. The National Bank of Newport. from the bonds. It is possible that as between such agent and the debtor corporation the possession and presentment of the interest warrants at maturity would be evidence of an authority to receive the money by the person presenting it, even as against the true owner. But if this be conceded, it does not make them negotiable as between third persons. In this, as in other contracts, its negotiability depends upon its terms; and the rule is, with certain exceptions, not applicable to this case, that in instruments for the payment of money, if no one be designed as payee, either by name or as bearer, the instrument is not a promissory note. If these warrants are not promissory notes they are not negotiable; they are neither checks nor bills of exchange. 1 Parsons on Bills, 33, and note; Brown v. Gilman, 13 Mass. 158; Gibson v. Minet, 1 H. Bl. 569; Douglass v. Wilkeson, 6 Wend. 637; Walrad v. Petrie, 4 id. 575. In the latter case Judge MARCY was inclined to sustain the action upon the instrument as a promissory note, but was reluctant to establish a different rule here from that which seemed to prevail in England, regarding it as important that the statutes, which were alike in both countries as to negotiable paper, should receive the same construction and be applied in the same manner. In a case like the present it would be unwise, in deference to any supposed intent of the rties or public convenience, to depart from the ordinary rules of construction, and give a different effect to different contracts, the same in form and substance. Checks payable to the order of bills payable," or to something impersonal in its character, are regarded as payable to the order of a fictitious. person, and therefore within the statute payable to the bearer; and bills and notes payable to the order of one not named, but capable of being ascertained, have been also held negotiable within the statute. Willets v. The Phenix Bank, 2 Duer, 121; Stevens v. Strang, 2 Sandf. Sup. Ct. 138; United States v. White, 2 Hill, 59. An instrument payable "to the estate of M. L., deceased," is held not to be a promissory note. Lyon v. Marshall, 11 Barb. 241. In Partridge v. The Bank of England, 9 Q. B. 396, dividend warrants in the form of checks, payable to a particular person without words making them transferable, were held not transferable by the Law Merchant. Two cases are relied upon by the learned counsel for the respondent, in support of his position that these interest warrants were negotiable and within the protection accorded by the Law Merchant to negotiable paper. Smith v. Clark Co., 54 Mo. 58; Evertson v. The National Bank of Newport. McCoy v. Washington Co., 3 Wall., Jr., 381. In the case first cited the principal, and the only question really considered by the court, was as to the power of the county to issue the bonds. The only notice taken by the court of the point now made was in the remark that the question was settled by the case referred to, reported in 3 Wall. Jr. That case involved other questions, and this was only incidentally made, and was wholly immaterial for the reason that the party claiming to recover upon the coupons produced the bonds upon the trial. Judge GRIER, in his instructions to the jury, charged them that the possession of the coupons was prima facie evidence of ownership of the bond. The contract embodied in these interest warrants, so far as any contract can be implied, cannot, upon principle or within any wellconsidered authority, be made an exception to the general rules by which the negotiability of promises for the payment of money is determined. There is no usage or custom proved that would give these warrants a negotiable character, even if custom and usage so recent as one applicable to these instruments would be, could change their legal effect. The plaintiff, therefore, acquired no better title to them than his vendor had and could convey, and the transaction was the same in legal effect as the purchase of any article of merchandise from one having no title or authority to sell. The coupons of the Indianapolis, Bloomington and Western Railway Company being promissory notes, they necessarily had all the characteristics of such instruments, and were entitled to the benefit of the days of grace allowable on bills and notes payable at a given day or on time. Having every other quality they cannot be excepted from the general rule which, by commercial usage, sanctioned by law, is applied to every instrument, negotiable in its character, coming within the ordinary definition of bills of exchange or promissory notes. Story on Bills, § 342; Story on Promissory Notes, § 215; Hodges v. Shuler, supra. In the case last cited, the bond itself, to which interest warrants had been attached, was presented at maturity, on the third day of grace, at the place of payment, and upon payment being refused the defendants, as indorsers, were notified of the dishonor, and the court held that they were properly charged; and all the judges agreeing that the instrument in suit was a promissory note. It does not seem to have been doubted, that, being a promissory note, although something Evertson v. The National Bank of Newport. more, it was within the rule allowing days of grace to commercial instruments of that character. If the coupons were not, for the purposes of days of grace, as well as for other purposes, promissory notes, but were payable at a day certain without grace, then, at the time of the purchase by the plaintiff, they were overdue, and the holder conveyed no better title to the plaintiff than he had himself. Chester v. Dorr, 41 N. Y. 279. It is probably true that they are regarded and treated as well by promisor as promisee as payable at the day, and paid as if, in terms, payable without grace; but this cannot destroy the character or change the legal effect of the instruments, the interpretation of which is for the courts. It is only as negotiable commercial paper that the plaintiff, as a bona fide purchaser, could acquire a good title to the coupons from one having no title thereto; and he can only acquire such title by a purchase under the same circumstances that would give him a title to other commercial paper; and if there were no days of grace for the payment of these coupons they could not be transferred so as to give a good title. Upon the findings the plaintiff acquired a good title to the ten coupons, but for the error as to the other coupons, the judgment must be reversed. Judgment must be reversed and a new trial granted. Judgment reversed. NOTE BY THE REPORTER.-The case of Arents v. Commonwealth, 18 Gratt. 750, is cited in 2 Daniels' Neg. Ins. 427, as an authority for the proposition that negotiable coupons are not entitled to grace," but the question was neither presented nor passed upon in that case. That was an action to recover the interest alleged to be due on coupons guaranteed by the defendant the State of Virginia. The defense was that they had been stolen and that they were overdue and dishonored when plaintiff purchased them, and that therefore the defendant was not liable on the guaranty. The coupons sued on were due at different times from January 1st, 1862, to January 1st, 1864. The plaintiff purchased them in November, 1864, and the court very properly held that whatever they were, whether note, bill or whatnot, they were overdue and dishonored and the plaintiff not entitled to recover. JOYNES, J., who delivered the opinion of the majority of the court, said, among other things: "The terms of the coupon in the present case are as follows: Coupon, City of Wheeling, guaranteed by the State of Virginia. Duncan, Sherman & Co. will pay to the bearer thirty dollars, the half-yearly interest on Wheeling bond (stating the number of the bond) due 18,' (being the day on which the uterest represented by the coupon is payable by the terms of the bond). This language will admit of different constructions. It may be construed as a bill of exchange or as a check drawn upon funds deposited with Duncan, Sherman & Co., as baukers, or as a mere token or ticket indicating the sum due for Evertson v. The National Bank of Newport. interest on the bond at a certain time, and the place at which the holder may obtain it. If we construe the coupon as a bill of exchange, and as affording, in that form, a separate contract for the payment of the sum due for interest, the holder must deal with it according to its nature, and make due presentment and demand, and give due notice, in case of dishonor, according to the law applicable to bills of exchange. The contract for interest as expressed in the coupon would, in that case, be different from the contract for interest expressed in the bond, and would give rise to different rights and liabilities, though due and payable at the same time. I think, however, that, for several reasons, these coupons should not be regarded as bills of exchange, though to put that construction upon them would not alter the result of the case. "First, they are not intended for acceptance; second, they are not entitled to grace; third, they are drawn on bankers, and against funds deposited with them, if they are drafts at all, and are, therefore, checks, rather than bills, in the strict and proper sense (In re Brown, 2 Story, 502); fourth, to regard them as bills would make them import a contract varying from that in the bond, and impose a degree of diligence on the holder not in conformity with the general understanding and usage in respect to coupons. A coupon should not be construed so as to produce these results, unless its language manifestly requires such a construction. If we construe these coupons as mere tokens, or tickets, or interest warrants, indicating the times and places when certain sums will be due and payable for interest on the bond, we satisfy the language in which they are expressed, and make them consistent with the bond and with the purposes for which coupons are devised." * * I conclude, therefore, that these coupons are negotiable instruments, payable at a day certain, namely, the day mentioned in each, as the day the interest called for by the coupons is payable though the holder was not bound to present them for payment on that day, so as to save the liability of the city or of the State. And this view is sustained by numerous cases which hold that in an action upon a coupon, the payment of which has been refused or for the payment of which no provision is shown to have been made, interest may be recovered from the time at which it became due and payable according to its face. North. Penn. R. R. Co. v. Adams, 54 Penn. St. 94; Hollingsworth v. City of Detroit, 3 McLean, 472; Gelpcke v. Dubuque, 1 Wall. 175; Mills v. Town, 20 Wis. 504." That bonds and coupons negotiable in form are negotiable instrumeuts "having all the qualities and incidents of commercial paper," has been held in numerous cases. White v. Vt. & Mass. R. R. Co., 21 How. (U. S.) 575; Moran v. Commissioners, 2 Black, 722; Mercer Co. v. Hackett, 1 Wall. 83; Gelpcke v. Dubuque, id. 175; Meyer v. Muscatine, id. 384; Murray v. Lardner, 2id. 410; Thomson v. Lee County, 3 id. 327; Supervisors v. Schenck, 5 id. 772; Aurove City v. West, 7 id. 105; Hotchkiss v. Nat. Bank, 21 id. 354; Bearer Co. v. Armstrong, 44 Penn. St. 63; Nat. Exch. Bank v. Hartford, etc., R. R. Co., 8 R. I. 375; City of Bridgeport v. Housatonic R. R., 15 Conn. 502; Buckley v. Welch, 31 id. 342; E. & H. R. R. Co. v. Hunt, 20 Ind. 467; Craig v. Vicksburg, 31 Miss. 216; De Voss v. Richmond, 18 Gratt. 338; Clark v. Des Moines, 19 Iowa, 213; Bank v. Jones, 16 Ohio St. 145; City of Memphis v. Brown, 5 Am. Law Times, 424. Coupons may be negotiated after separation from the bond, and the holder may recover on them without producing the bond or being interested in it. Commrs. of Knox Co. v. Aspinwall, 21 How. 539; Thomson v. Lee Co., 3 Wall. 327; Beaver Co. v. Armstrong, 44 Penn. St. 63; Clark v. Iowa City, 20 Wall. 583; Spooner v. Holmes, 3 Am. Rep. 491; S. C., 102 Mass. 503; Wockey v. Pole, 4 B. & Ald. 1; Grogier v. Milville, 4 D. & R. 641; Commonwealth v. Emigrant Ind. Saving Bank, |