of the temple sculptures; and the Boston Museum of fine arts has appropriated two thousand dollars towards the purchase and transportation of antiquities, with the understanding that they shall become the property of the museum. The different departments of the Assos work will be ably worked up by the several gentlemen in charge. The study and preparation of the inscriptions have been placed in charge of Dr. Sterrett, who has been connected during the past year with the school of classical studies which was established at Athens by the institute. The geology of the Troad will also be fully treated; and a large number of photographs of the site and the excavations, as well as of the objects found, has been made. Mr. Clarke, in a letter dated April 4, gives an interesting account of recent finds, in the way of figurini (thirteen were found in one sarcophagus) glass, pottery, small bronzes, coins, etc. Besides this, excavations have been continued at the Agora, the west end of the Stoa, and on the fortifications. Moreover, Mr. Clarke has finished his second series of measurements of the temple, made with a heavy steel tape, which will be tested by some public standard to insure perfect accuracy in what will be one of the most important results' of the expedition. The second annual report of the committee of the American school of classical studies at Athens was presented as a part of the fourth annual report. From this it appears that the school has been successfully established, and carried through the first year of its existence, under the able management of Professor Goodwin. There have been seven regular members who have pursued definite subjects of investigations, the results of which will be embodied in theses which may be published in the bulletins of the school. On Wednesday evenings, meetings have been held in the library, at which papers have been presented by the director or one of the members, and afterwards discussed; on Fridays, meetings were held for the study of Aeschylus and Thucydides; and on Saturdays, excursions were made to places of historic interest within easy reach of Athens. During the year five colleges have joined the supporters of the school, the list of which now numbers fourteen; while several institutions which have been invited to join have not yet returned a definite answer. Next year Professor Packard of Yale will go out to take charge of the school, under the arrangement by which the supporting colleges send each year, in turn, a professor. The desirability of having a permanent official connected with the school is pointed out, and a strong appeal made for the creation of a special fund, which shall enable the committee to appoint such an officer. After the reading of the report, a spirited and interesting account was given by Mr. Louis H. Aymé, U. S. consul at Merida, Yucatan, of his investigations in Central America, and of his plans for future work. The most important business transacted at the meeting was the appointment of a special committee of consultation, to consider what steps could be taken to create and maintain an interest in the work of the institute in New York. They will report to the executive committee with a view to the establishment of a permanent committee to take part in the management of the institute. The necessity of making constant appeals to the public for funds to carry on the work of the institute has led the executive committee to the resolve not to undertake any new work for the present, unless the money needed should be voluntarily contributed. The work already begun will be finished during the year; and for this purpose at least four thousand dollars above the amount to be counted upon from the annual fees will be needed. The election of officers of the institute for the coming year resulted in the choice of the old board, with the exception of Mr. W. R. Ware, whose resignation was accepted, and for whom Mr. Stephen Salisbury, jun., of Worcester, was substituted. — The annual meeting of the Society of arts of the Massachusetts institute of technology was held at the institute May 10. Mr. George F. Swain was unanimously elected secretary of the society for the year beginning Oct. 1, 1883. The following-named gentlemen were elected as members of the executive committee for the ensuing year: Mr. Jacob A. Dresser, Hon. F. W. Lincoln, Mr. Howard A. Carson, Mr. Waldo O. Ross, and Mr. C. J. H. Woodbury. Professor William H. Niles made a report of the work of the permanent meteorological committee of the society since its appointment about a year ago. The committee was formed at the request of the chief signal-officer of the United States to co-operate with the signal-service as far as possible in a general way, and especially to become acquainted with the workings and requirements of the service at the Boston station with the view to suggesting directions for increasing, if possible, its value and efficiency. The committee has found in Sergeant Cole a thoroughly competent head to this station. By recommendations to the chief signal-officer, the committee has been able to effect a material gain in the way of increased reports received at Boston, in the use of more powerful signal-lights for warnings at night, and in some other particulars. The committee has taken under consideration certain other proposed changes relating to the utility of the station in the city, and of the associated display-stations. Professor Niles deplored the present unfortunate impairment of the work of the signal-service through the failure of Congress to make the necessary appropriations. The number of morning reports received at Boston has been cut down from seventy-seven to five, none of which are from stations west of New England. All the display-stations of the New-England coast have been closed, with the exception of one kept open by the Boston board of trade. The weather synopses have been discontinued, printing and telegraphing reduced, and salaries cut down. All the West-India stations have been closed; and thus, with the cyclone season upon us, we are without warnings which the country is abundantly able to provide. The report of the committee was accepted, and its members were requested to serve for another year. Mr. J. C. Hoadley then gave an address on driven wells, explaining their action, comparing it with that of dug wells, and giving the results of his experimental investigations of the subject. A vote of thanks was extended to the retiring secretary, Prof. S. W. Holman, and to Mr. Hoadley. At the meeting of the Philosophical society of Washington, May 19, Dr. Robert Fletcher presented a review of Recent experiments on venom poison, discussing especially the supposed antidote discovered in Brazil, and the separation of rattlesnake poison by Dr. Mitchell into three parts, two of which have definite and distinct toxic properties. Mr. Farquhar, whose experiments in binary arithmetic have already been noticed in SCIENCE, gave an account of some additional experiments, confirming the conclusion that a binary notation may successfully compete with a denary for rapidity of arithmetic work, and showing that the ratio between the horizontal and vertical dimensions of the binary character has a material influence on facility of computation. -A large company assembled in the rooms of the Cincinnati society of natural history on Wednesday evening, May 23, to celebrate the 176th anniversary of the birthday of Carl von Linné. The lecture-room was beautifully decorated with ferns and natural flowers, and mounted specimens of plants adorned the walls. The name of Linné in evergreens was placed above a beautiful miniature portrait of the great botanist, the frame of which was wreathed in smilax, while below was an autograph letter lent by a local collector. Three papers were read, on the life, the botanical and the zoölogical labors of Linné, by Mr. Davis L. James, Prof. A. P. Morgan, and Prof. Joseph F. James. After the reading, the audience was invited to the council-room, where an interesting microscopical soirée was held. RECENT BOOKS AND PAMPHLEts. Bate, J. Influence of the mind on mind. London, Woolmer, 1883. 696 p. 8°. Bernhardi, Fritz. Das norddeutsche diluvium eine gletscherbildung, ein versuch, die richtigkeit der Forel'schen theorie aus der beschaffenheit und gestaltung unseres heimischen bodens zu erweisen. Züllichan, Augustin, 1883. 3+48 p. 8°. Brown, Walter Lee. Manual of assaying gold, silver, copper, and lead ores. Chicago, Jansen, McClurg, & Co., 1883. 318 p., illustr. 12. Burgess, J. Archeological survey of western India. iv., v. : Report on the Buddhist and Elura cave-temples. London, Trübner, 1883. f°. Colquhoun, A. R. Across Chrysê: being a narrative of a journey of exploration through the South China borderlands, from Canton to Mandalay. London, Low, 1883. 2 vols., maps, 300 illustr. 8°. Cramer, C. Ueber das bewegungsvermögen der pflanzen. Basel, Schwabe, 1883. 8°. Fenton, H. J. H. Notes on qualitative analysis, concise and explanatory. London, Cambridge Warehouse, 1883. 128 p. 4°. Fergusson, James. The Parthenon: an essay on the mode by which light was introduced into Greek and Roman temples. London, Murray, 1883. 8+135 p., 5 pl., illustr. 4°. Galton, Francis. Inquiries into human faculty and its development. N.Y., Macmillan, 1883. 12+380 p., 6 pl. 8°. Griffin, La Roy F. Lecture notes in chemistry: a syllabus of chemistry, compiled principally from the manuals of Miller and of Roscoe and Schoelemmer. Philadelphia, Sower, Potts, & Co., [1883]. 6+99 p. 12°. Houghton farm. Series III. Experiment department. No. 1-2. N.Y., Dodge pr., 1883. 45 p., 4 pl. 8°. Iowa state academy of sciences. Constitution and by-laws [including summary of transactions]. Des Moines, Brewster pr., 1882. 24 p. 12°. p. 12. Joly, N. Man before metals. N.Y., Appleton, 1883. 8+365 Berlin, Kayser, H. Lehrbuch der spectral-analyse. Springer, 1883. 11+358 p., illustr. 8°. Keller, C. Das thierleben in grossen meerestiefen. Basel, Schwabe, 1883. 8°. Kraepelin, Karl. Ueber die geruchsorgane der gliederthiere. Eine historisch-krit. studie. Hamburg, Nolte, 1883. 48 p., 3 pl. 4°. Macloskie, G. Elementary botany, with student's guide to the examination and description of plants. N.Y., Holt, 1883. 8+373 p., illustr. 12°. Müller, F. Max. India: what can it teach us? A course of lectures delivered before the University of Cambridge. London, Longmans, 1883. 11+402 p. 8°. National academy of sciences. Constitution and membership, April 21, 1883. Washington, Academy, 1883. 24 p. 8°. Ontario Entomological society. Report for the year 1882. Toronto, Robinson pr., 1883. 83 p. 8°. Page, T. Physical geography of mountains and rivers; together with a general explanation of geographical terms. London, Moffatt, 1883. 80 p. 12°. Palestine exploration fund. The survey of western Palestine. Memoirs of the topography, orography, hydrography, and archeology. Vol. 3. Sheets 17-26. London, Fund, 1883. 7+450 p. 4°. Palmer, A. S. Folk-etymology: a dictionary of verbal corruptions or words perverted in form or meaning by false derivation or mistaken analogy. N.Y., Holt, 1883. 22+664 p. 8°. Perrot, G., and Chipiez, C. A history of art in ancient Egypt. Translated and edited by Walter Armstrong. 2 vols. London, Chapman & Hall, 1883. 64+444, 16+426 p., illustr. 1. 8°. Pocket logarithms to four places of decimals, including logarithms of numbers and logarithmic sines and tangents to single minutes; to which is added a table of natural sines, tangents, and co-tangents. N.Y., Van Nostrand, 1883. 139 p. 16. Pressensé, E. de. A study of origins; or, the problems of knowledge, of being, and of duty. Translated by Annie H. Holmden. London, Hodder & Stoughton, 1883. 36+515 p. 16. Saunders, William. Insects injurious to fruits. Illustrated with 440 cuts. Philadelphia, Lippincott, 1883. 436 p. 8°. Schleiden, M. J. The sciences among the Jews before and during the middle ages. From the 4th German ed. Baltimore, Binswanger & Co., 1883. 64 Few Stearns, Winfrid A. New England bird-life: being a manual of New England ornithology. Revised and edited from the manuscript of Winfrid A. Stearns, by Elliott Coues. Part 2: Non-oscine Passeres, birds of prey, game and water birds. Boston, Lee & Shepard, 1883. 409 p. 12°. Wagner, M. Untersuchungen über die resorption der calcium-salze und über die abstammung der freien salzsäure im magensaft, nebst einigen erörterungen über die pathogenese der rachitis. Zürich, Füssli, 1883. 8°. FRIDAY, JUNE 15, 1883. DARWIN. I. He was a bold discoverer of the wise And lucid order of the world, who bade Men love the truth and speak it, and be glad When each ideal of superstition dies. The bigot cursed him, and, with flaming eyes, He was a hero for the right of men Thought buried deep in nature; holy when II. Amid the hard endeavor of old days, He strove supremely, and, with patient will, Climbed masterfully onward, upward, till He rose above men's bitter blame or praise. He probed our life along its secret ways, Back through historic centuries, farther still. He traced the simple, clear designs which fill Creation as they fill a robin's lays. Within the vast complexity of forms, Like stars and planets from one chaos hurled, And showed, through aeons of fire and flood and III. Ah! we could only listen when he told, How savage instinct in the strong and bold Crushed out the weak, and how the mightier few Roamed in their wild blood-thirstiness, and slew The fierce-fanged slayers that had been kings of old. He pictured to our eyes the carnal strife, And thus he spoke the story of our life, No. 19.1883. IV. Since he has lived, our human thought has gained He was our modern prophet. Truth remained He shaped our way, and we shall follow. Time Shall come a knowledge radiant and sublime, GEORGE EDGAR MONTGOMERY. RECENT EXPLORATIONS IN THE REGION OF THE GULF STREAM OFF THE EASTERN COAST OF THE UNITED STATES BY THE U. S. FISH-COMMISSION. 3. Influence of the Gulf Stream. THE bottom along the upper part of this slope and the outermost portion of the adjacent plateau, in 65 to 150 fathoms, and sometimes to 200 fathoms or more, is bathed by the waters of the Gulf Stream. Consequently the temperature of the bottom water along this belt is decidedly higher than it is along the shallower part of the plateau, nearer the shore, in 30 to 60 fathoms. The Gulf Stream itself is usually limited in depth to about 150 fathoms, and often even less, in this region; below this the temperature steadily decreases to the bottom of the ocean-basin, becoming about 38°-37° in 1,000 to 1,500 fathoms, and falling to 37°-35° in 1,500 to 2,500 fathoms. We may, therefore, properly call the upper part of the slope, in about 65 to 150 fathoms, the warm belt. According to our observations, the bottom temperature of the warmer part of this belt, in 65 to 125 fathoms, is usually between 47° and 53° F. in summer and early autumn. Between 150 and 200 fathoms the temperatures, though variable, are usually high enough to show more or less influence from the Gulf Stream. On the warm belt we took numerous kinds of animals that were previously known only from the Gulf of Mexico or the Straits of Florida. Some belong to tribes that have always been considered as tropical or subtropical, such as Dolium, Marginella, and Avicula, among the shells. In 1 Continued from No. 16. DIAGRAM 2.- Temperature curves at the surface and bottom, and at the intermediate depths of 5, 10, 20, 30, and 50 fathoms, arranged according to the distance, in miles, from the shore. The observations were made on three different days, as indicated by the letters a-a, b-b, c-c. the actual series of observations. fact, this belt is occupied by a northern continuation of the southern or West Indian Gulf Stream fauna. Our observations, both on the animal life and the temperature, demonstrate that the western edge of the Gulf Stream The dotted lines indicate breaks in is much nearer this coast than it is located on most modern charts. According to our experience, the influence of the Gulf Stream becomes decidedly marked by the rise in temperature at a few fathoms below the surface, DIAGRAM 3. Temperature curves at the bottom and surface (o), and at 5, 10, and 20 fathoms in the same localities. The curves of bottom temperatures extend from the shore to near the 800-fathom line on the Gulf Stream slope. The position of each station is indicated by the total depth placed at the head of the vertical columns. Jath 20 40 J 74 721 70 68 66 641 621 601 58 56 it was higher than this nearer the shore, and especially opposite the mouths of the bays and sounds, where the tidal flow rapidly mingles the warm surface water (70° to 75°) with the bottom water. On the cold part of the shoreplateau we also found an abundance of arctic species of animals, such as are found at similar and less depths north of Cape Cod and in the Bay of Fundy. During the colder season of the year, the temperature of the water over this plateau is decidedly lower; for codfish, even, are taken here in large numbers in winter. This plateau, especially over its shallower portions, has, therefore, a variable cold 120 and also at the bottom, along a belt corresponding nearly with the 65-fathom line in summer. This is shown both by the abundant occurrence of the various pelagic animals, gulf-weed, etc., characteristic of the Gulf Stream water farther south, and by the temperatures taken by us. The diagrams of temperature curves in 5, 10, 20, 30, and 50 fathoms, all illustrate this, as well as those of the surface and bottom. The recent English admiralty charts, and others, place the inner edge of the Gulf Stream, in summer, entirely outside the slope, or 40 to 50 miles farther from the coast than we have found it in this region. In summer, as is well known, the Gulf Stream is noticed nearer the coast than in winter; but this, doubtless, applies strictly or chiefly only to the surface water. But in summer, owing to the heat of the sun, there is often very little difference between the temperature of the surface water at the Gulf Stream and on the inshore plateau. Our investigations show that the warm belt, in 65 to 125 fathoms, is inhabited by a peculiar southern fauna that could not exist there if the Gulf Stream did not flow along this area at the bottom, both in winter and summer. It is evident that what many of these species require is not a very high, but a nearly uniform temperature all the year round. Such an equable temperature could not exist in this region, except under the direct and constant influence of the Gulf Stream. On the lower part of the slope, in 300 to 780 fathoms, we found numerous arctic forms of life, corresponding to the lower temperature, which, at 300 to 500 fathoms, is usually 41° to 40° F.; and, at 500 to 1,200 fathoms, 40° to 38° F. On the in-shore plateau, which is occupied by a branch of the cold arctic current, about 30 miles wide, we found that the temperature of the bottom water usually varied from 46° to 42° F. in August, at the depths of 30 to 60 fathoms. In some instances 1101 ~ 54 52 50 48 DIAGRAM 4. Temperature curves at the bottom and surface (o), and at the intermediate depths of 5, 10, 20, 30, 50, and 100 fathoms. These observations were all made Sept. 14, 1881. This illustrates the rise in temperature between 30 and 50 fathoms from the surface. climate. But the deep water, below 300 fathoms, has a uniformly cold climate. It is evident that the warm belt is here a comparatively narrow zone along the bottom, wedged in between the cold waters of the in-shore plateau and the still colder waters that cover the outer and deeper part of the Gulf Stream slope. The actual breadth of this warm belt varies, however, according to the steepness of the slope, and in consequence of variations in the currents. Just south of Martha's Vineyard, as will be seen by map I, the slope appears to be less rapid than it is either to the eastward or southward, and consequently there is here a broader area occupied by the warm belt, |