been developed and perfected that is shaping the policies and destinies of this, the oldest and most important occupation of man.

It was one of the most fortunate circumstances connected with the creation of these colleges that the act of Congress bringing them into existence was comprehensive enough with respect to their purpose and objects to admit of the teaching of a wide range of subjects. The comprehensive charter with which they were vested permitted of extensive experimentation in courses of study, a wide adaptation in subjects taught, arrangement of courses, methods of instruction, etc. Untrammeled by tradition, they were free to make experiments in the subject matter taught as well as in the method of teaching it.

Broadly speaking, there has been assigned to this class of colleges, in the natural division of labor, the great industrial problems of our people, including the development and conservation of the material resources of the country, as well as the great economic and sociological questions affecting the industrial classes.

It is not primarily a matter of increased financial returns but has involved in it the future welfare of America's agriculture. Further advancement must be based upon the increased intelligence of the man who is to till the soil, together with his better understanding of the fundamental laws of nature with which he has to deal.

If the American farmer is to prove an exception to the history of the world and remain the independent, thinking, reading, progressive individual that he has thus far been, instead of becoming a peasant, as he has been before in all history, it is necessary that he be given the broadest possible training, and be educated most thoroughly in the fundamental principles underlying his profession.

It is said that an ancient and honorable university once wrote over its portals: "No useful knowledge taught here." I would not go to the opposite extreme and write across the portal of even this institution-the child of a strictly utilitarian age, the legend:

"No subject that is not useful taught here." I would make all the courses practical enough to fit men for efficient service in their several professions and pursuits of life, and at the same time liberal enough to prepare them for the highest service as citizens.

The best part of an educational institution is its spirit is the point of view which it gives its students-the ideals which they carry away from its halls and through life, for of more worth than fine gold is a quickened conscience and a capacity to distinguish between what is right and what is wrong. "A high ideal is the noblest gift man can bestow upon man. Feed a man, and he will hunger again; clothe him, and he will become naked. Give him a noble ideal and that ideal will abide with him through every waking hour, giving him a broader conception of his relation to his fellows. The ideal must be so far above us that it will keep us looking upward all our lives and so far in advance that we shall never overtake it." Those men we send out must make a large contribution to the welfare of the world.

In the absence of a great epoch or crisis in human affairs, such as the opening up of a new continent, the invasion of a country by a foreign foe, or an internal strife such as our recent Civil War, the college and university must be depended upon to develop the world's leaders in all lines of activity. The state and nation, to make certain that every youth with latent qualities of leadership may have within his reach, be he poor or rich, the uplifting and stimulating influence of the highest education the world affords, did establish and endow this and kindred

institutions. It is upon this basis only

that our civilization can be secured. No class of people, however large, cultured, or refined, is large enough, or intellectual enough, or refined enough, to the supply all leaders the and nation requires. It is only when all are drawn from all classes that we shall have enough, and be certain that we have the best. It is as Carlyle has said of the Tragedy of Ig

state

norance: "It is not because of his toils that I lament for the poor; we must all toil, or steal (howsoever we name our stealing), which is worse; no faithful workman finds his task a pastime. The poor is hungry and athirst; but for him also there is food and drink; he is heavy laden and weary; but for him also the Heavens send Sleep, and of the deepest; in his smokey cribs a clear dewy heaven of Rest envelopes him, and fitful glitterings of cloud-skirted Dreams. But what I do mourn over is that the lamp of his soul should go out; that no ray of heavenly, or even of earthly knowledge should visit him; but only in haggard darkness, like two specters, Fear and Indignation bear him company. Also, while the Body stands so broad and brawny, must the Soul lie blinded, dwarfed, stupified, almost annihilated? Alas, was this, too, a Breath of God, bestowed in Heaven, but on earth never to be unfolded?— That there should one man die ignorant who had capacity for knowledge; this I call a tragedy were it to happen more than twenty times in the minute, as by some computations it does. The miserable fraction of science which our united mankind, in a wide universe of nescience has acquired, why is not this with all diligence, imparted to all?"

L. CLARK SEELYE, LL.D., Presi

dent Smith College. Extracts from Annual Report, January, 1910.

Every year the college is adding to the number of teachers; and there is no administrative work more difficult than the creation of a faculty qualified by personality and scholarship to give undergraduates the instruction that they need. Inadequate salaries undoubtedly prevent some able men and women from entering the teacher's profession, and often hinder those who teach from doing their best work. In the case of women, marriage generally diverts them from a teacher's calling, even when they have been successful in it. The chief difficulty, however, in securing good teachers does not come from lack of money or from a rival vocation. First rate teaching is not a commodity

It

which can be bought by the highest bidder. The best teachers frequently make pecuniary sacrifices for the sake of teaching, and prefer their calling to others more lucrative. The difficulty to-day in creating a faculty who will realize the ideal for which the college stands, is in finding teachers who will take as much interest in their pupils as in the subject which they teach. seems as if in the graduate schoolsfrom which now the majority of college teachers are taken-a disproportionate emphasis were placed upon scholarly research and too little attention given to the cultivation of those personal qualities, without which the communication of knowledge has little effect. The scholarly research that is necessary to know thoroughly the subject one has to teach is, of course, an indispensable requisite to a good teacher, but ability for recondite investigation does not always compensate for the inability to impart to others the knowledge one may have acquired.

Frequent complaints have been heard of late of the lack of scholarly interest among undergraduates. Unfounded and exaggerated as some of these complaints are, the cause of the deficiency, when it exists, may often be traced to the comparative indifference of the teacher to the mental and social conditions of the pupil. In those classes where the teachers understand both their subjects and their pupils, and are deeply interested in imparting their own love of knowledge to those whom they teach, there may still be found a large proportion of enthusiastic scholars. On its ability to secure such instruction, the success of the college depends more than on any other possession. any other possession. Honors, prizes, commodious buildings, libraries, laboratories and various other incentives to study, are to be esteemed and sought after; but far outranking them all in importance are the teachers who can reproduce in their pupils their own love and understanding of the truth they teach.

FROM THE DAILY CALIFORNIAN, University of California. Now is the time. Begin to-day to

prevent cheating in the May examinations. We despise cheating in finals, and still listen with a smile to our friend's story of a deliberate cut, encourage him to spend his time socially when the next day's work is unprepared, and lend him note books. We are paving the way for his downfall in May.

In the elementary schools, the child who, is oftenest tardy, absent, careless, lazy, watching for a chance to waste the time of his fellows, and slips through the day's work with the least possible effort is the one who needs watching at the end of the term. I believe that the same rule holds true in college. The man who reads The Daily Call and the girl who tells her neighbor some interesting bit of news, while the instructor is putting forth his best effort to impress each point indelibly, are very apt to be among the "cribbers" in May.

Without a stronger public opinion against poor daily work we can hardly hope to overcome cheating in the final examinations. It is up to each of us to do honest work each day of the term, if we would stamp out the bacteria that make the cheating disease contagious at the end of the term.

I think there are very few instructors who enjoy flunking a student, and those who use undignified methods to detect cheating were perhaps the "cribbers" in their own college days. The

attitude of instructors has little bearing on the problem of cheating. This is a student's problem.

The student who is working for his own development rather than for credits who stands for honest, conscientious work every day of the term, who came to college and was not sent, who takes subjects of real interest to himself, who turns out to university and student meetings, and is filled with the right sort of college spirit, that student has no need nor tolerance for cheating. The student of another type, who slights his work from day to day and thereby weakens his sense of honor, and increases his need for help will be open to temptation.

When students see clearly that personal development is the real thing, and that credits and degrees are of little, true importance, cheating will die a natural death.

A man in training for an athletic contest, who wishes to raise his weight to a given point would hardly try tampering with the scales to bring about the desired marking, and a student desiring a certain educational development would care as little to cheat himself by taking a mark not honestly his own.

Until we understand the real meaning of education, and make honesty a reflex action, there will be cheating in the grades, cribbing in college and graft and craft in business.

CAMPUS AND STUDENT

BODY

Columbia has added a new organization to its long list. It is a women's suffrage club called "The Men's Equal Suffrage League of Columbia." Officers have been elected and a set of resolutions passed favoring the enfranchising of women.

Three hundred and fifty co-eds of Minnesota University have signed honor pledges by which they signify their intention not to crib. After an

Anti-cheating Mass Meeting a pledge card was mailed to each girl by the Student Government Association.

A students' council has recently been formed at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. It consists of thirteen members, and is to control the conduct of the students outside of the classrooms, and confer with the faculty and prudential committee of the board of trustees upon any subject pertaining to the undergraduate body.

Within a few weeks a tablet will be placed in the Harvard Union in memory of eleven Harvard men who died in the Spanish war. The committee has received $2,683.70 and $316 is needed to complete the work. Bela Lyon Pratt has finished the model, and the memorial will be placed over the center door in the living room.

During the Christmas vacation about twenty-five members of the Williams Good Government Club participated in a trip to New York City, in which the workings of the Dock Department, the Public Service Commission, the Board of Water

Supply, and the Police and Fire Departments were explained to them.

At Earlham College a novel substitute was inaugurated this year in place of the usual "class scrap" between the sophomores and freshmen. It consisted of a tug-of-war across the skating pond on the campus. As the water was five feet deep and the pond 145 feet wide the contest had some spice of excitement. The freshmen were the winners.

The class of 1910 at Cornell has of $20,000 for a training house to be voted that its memorial shall be a gift

erected on the alumni athletic field. It is expected that a larger sum will be raised, the balance being turned over to the Cornellian Council to be used for the benefit of the university.

Announcement is made that the $100,000 necessary for the completion and equipment of the new field adjoining the campus has been subscribed. The committee in charge is planning to carry on the work as fast as the money becomes available.

ATHLETICS

Syracuse will meet Annapolis in an eight-oared race on the Severn River, May 21, 1910.

The University of Indiana was admitted to membership in the Intercollegiate Athletic Association at its meeting during the holidays.

The athletic heads of the University of Chicago and the University of Illinois have arranged a "soccer" football game for next fall.

The University of Virginia has accepted a challenge from Cornell University for a relay race at the George

Washington meet in Washington on January 29.

The crew of Georgetown University will accept the invitation of the Intercollegiate Rowing Association to take part in the Poughkeepsie regatta on June 25.

The Yale Gun Club has finished its season after winning the intercollegiate championship and defeating Harvard and the New Haven Gun Club in dual meets.

Hockey has been recognized as a college sport at Rochester University and George F. Abbott elected captain of the varsity team. The squad is at practice daily and the management is trying to arrange games with Cornell, Union, Syracuse, and Rensselaer, and club teams in the city of Rochester.

Dr. Newton, of Williams College, has suggested that the position of football captain be eliminated, as he claims that a football eleven needs no leaders since the coach is "the man behind the scrimmage." This idea does not meet with the approval of the athletic council and will probably not be adopted.

Athletics at Fordham hereafter will be under student control. This action

was taken by the faculty after long and careful deliberation, in response to the clamor of the undergraduate body for the reins of control. The students have formed the new Fordham University Athletic Association. Every college man will be taxed an athletic fee, which will entitle him to vote for all athletic managers.

The institution comprising the Intercollegiate Athletic Association of Wisconsin plan to hold a big track and field meet some time in May. The colleges concerned are Beloit, Carroll, Northwestern (of Watertown), Ripon, and Lawrence. The five colleges have drawn up a set of athletic agreements and plan to hold the meet according to the customs of the Conference events, awarding medals and a trophy.

The Williams College baseball

schedule has been announced as follows:

Out-of-town Games-April 20. Princeton at Princeton; 28, Harvard at Cambridge; May 4, Cornell at Ithaca; 11, Yale at New Haven; 12, Wesleyan at Middletown; 18, Amherst; 25, Dartmouth at Hanover; June 4, Holy Cross at Worcester.

Home Games-April 23, Trinity; May 7, Massachusetts Agricultural College; 14, Cornell; 28, Dartmouth; 30, Amherst; June 6, Wesleyan; 15, Holy Cross; 18, Fordham.

The following are winners of championships in the twenty college sports:

Football, Yale; rowing, Cornell; baseball, Pennsylvania; track, Harvard; association football, Columbia; cross country, Cornell; cricket, Pennsylvania; basketball, Columbia; chess, Pennsylvania, Yale and Harvard; fencing, West Point; golf, Yale; gymnastics, New York; hockey, Harvard; la crosse, Cornell; water polo, Yale; swimming, Pennsylvania; tennis, Pennsylvania; wrestling, Yale; rifle shooting, George Washington.

An intercollegiate aeronautic meet has been arranged to take place next June. As yet the aviation field upon which the contest will be held has not been named. The Aero Club of Columbia University a short time. ago issued a general challenge, and it was accepted by Harvard, Amherst, and the University of Pennsylvania. Yale may possibly enter.

It is probable that before long an intercollegiate aeronautical association will be formed. Interested collegians hold that aeroplane flying will soon be put on the same footing as other college sports.

The manager of the Yale baseball nine has laid a petition before the university faculty asking it to grant the nine permission to take a short Southern trip during the Easter vacation. The faculty cut six games off the list originally arranged as Yale's schedule. These included a short Easter trip. As Easter week