PER CENT

RURAL TEACHERS UNTRAINED

UNITED STATES

1. ARKANSAS

2. SOUTH CAROLINA

3. GEORGIA

4. FLORIDA

5. MISSISSIPPI

6. KENTUCKY

7. WEST VIRGINIA

8 ALABAMA

9. TEXAS

10. NORTH CAROLINA

II. OHIO

12. TENNESSEE

13. INDIANA

14. LOUISIANA

15. MISSOURI

16. WASHINGTON

17. COLORADO

18 OKLAHOMA

19 IOWA

20 MICHIGAN

21 ILLINOIS

22. PENNSYLVANIA

23 SOUTH DAKOTA

24 VIRGINIA

25 WYOMING

26 CONNECTICUT

27 NEBRASKA

28 IDAHO

29 NEW YORK

30 MINNESOTA

31. OREGON

32 UTAH

33 WISCONSIN

34 KANSAS

35 NEW MEXICO

36 ARIZONA

37 MAINE

38 NORTH DAKOTA

39 MASSACHUSETTS

40 MONTANA

41. CALIFORNIA

42 MARYLAND

43. NEW JERSEY

44 NEW HAMPSHIRE

45. VERMONT

"Untrained " teachers refers to those who have not had more than two years of schooling of any kind beyond elementary school. If untrained" also included those who have had no normal-school training, as it well might, the percentages given would be greatly increased in all States.

The next table has to do with facts on wealth and income in the United States. Those who have studied this problem in detail realize that the fundamental weakness of our educational system is a financial weakness. Remake our method of getting school money and you will remake our school system automatically.

Here is a situation as revealed in some studies recently completed. There are three States in the Union in which the wealth behind each child from 5 to 20 years old is $11,656, nearly $12,000. The wealth per child in three States is under $2,571 per child.

The CHAIRMAN. What are the States?

Mr. NORTON. These States on a very low tax rate can maintain splendid schools.

Mr. ROBSION. What are those States?

Mr. NORTON. I can give those States in detail and will put them in the record.

The CHAIRMAN. I thought perhaps you could remember them.

Mr. NORTON. That probably includes Nevada and probably New York or California-some of the rich States; a good many of the industrial States and a few of the Western States. These [indicating on chart] are probably all Southern States, or at least rural States. [Pointing to table], the State that ranks first in wealth per child is Nevada. So that is one of those three. No. 3 is California. No. 2 is Iowa. The poorer States, those that rank along 46 and 47, South Carolina is 47 in wealth per child and North Carolina is 49 and Georgia is 46. They can all be studied in detail in this table which I am placing in the record.

The CHAIRMAN. Did you take the same three States in each of those compilations?

Mr. NORTON. No; I merely took the tables and picked out the three States that were highest and the three States that were lowest. The CHAIRMAN. No; I asked if you took the same three States in each of those three computations?

Mr. NORTON. No, I took the highest States and the lowest States. I wanted to point out the extremes in these tables, the yearly income per child.

Some authorities state that income is a better basis on which to estimate the ability to pay than wealth, as estimated by the Census Bureau. The yearly income per child in three States is over $3,100; that is, every year there is an income behind every child of $3,100 or more. These are the extremes; and the yearly income in three States is under $991. Some States have wealth per child that is considerably more than three times as great as that of others.

School expenditures per child in 3 states over-66.65

་

under - 9.71

These figures are for the year 1920, the last for which complete figures are available.

THE WEALTH OF THE STATES

The subsequent three tables give figures on the wealth of the States and their ability to support public education.

The calculations are based on the 1912 Federal Census of Wealth: Distribution of Income by States, National Bureau of Economic Research, and 1920 Federal Census of Population.