Minor partly in Middle; Middle partly in Major. Result wholly uncertain. rs n may be partly in B AS N, Major. Minor wholly in Middle; Middle partly in Major. Result wholly uncertain. sn wholly Minors n' partly s" n" not at all in B AS N, Major. Some honest men are foolish; All good men are honest; Nothing follows. Minor partly in Middle; Middle wholly in Major. Minor U Result. {s'n' must be partly } may be wholly in BA SN, Major. All persecution is impolitic; Some prosecution is persecution; Therefore some prosecution is impolitic. It is also possible, as far as this syllogism goes, that all prosecutions may be impolitic. Minor not in Middle; Middle wholly in Major. Result wholly uncertain. Minor not in Middle; Middle partly in Major. Can be seen from 6. Just men are not thieves; Nothing follows. Minor wholly in Middle; Middle not in Major. Result. Minor s n not in Major, B AS N. Those who learn something are not utterly ignorant; All industrious students learn something; Therefore (all industrious students) are not utterly ignorant; i.e. (in better English), No industrious student is utterly ignorant. Minor partly in Middle; Middle not in Major. Minor cannot be wholly in Major, B A S N. Men who are poor are not said to be successful in life; Some honest men are poor; Therefore some honest men are not said to be successful in life. (It is possible, as far as this syllogism is concerned, that some honest men may be, or that none may be, said to be successful; but all cannot be.) 194. Ambiguous Case. Where the subject in a Proposition is put in the form "not all," e.g.,— 66 Not all the good are rich, there is an uncertainty. Such a Proposition will be satisfied 11 no good men," and also if "only some good men, are rich;" i.e., if the subject be not at all included, or only partially included, in the Logical Predicate. We must take the case which proves least. For example, Rich men are not despised, Not all the good are rich. Here, if we could interpret our Minor as meaning "some only of the good are rich," we should have (8), and might infer with certainty "the good are not all despised." But the Minor is satisfied if "none of the good are rich; " and in that case we have (5), and nothing is proved. Conversely, but upon the same principle, (7), which is a case of non-inclusion, must not be used, because it proves something; and (3), which is a case of partial inclusion, must be used because it proves nothing, in the following example: Not all the good are sinless. Those who are happy are good. In the last example, we were right in interpreting "Not all the good are rich" to mean "None of the good are rich." Now here, if in the same way we could interpret "Not all the good are sinless" to mean "None of the good are sinless," we should infer, from (7), — Those who are happy are not included in the class of those who are sinless. But the Major is satisfied if "only some of the good are sinless; and in that case we have (3), which proves nothing. 195. Propositions of Identity. It is not always true. that a proposition expresses that the subject is included in the logical predicate. In "All squares are equilateral rectangular figures," there is no inclusion, but identity. So, "Paris is the capital of France" is an identity. In this case one of the three terms of the syllogism may be said to be wholly included in another, but is also identical with it. All |