(4.) The Hebrew Concordance adapted to the English Bible; disposed after the method of Buxtorf. By John Taylor [D. D.] of Norwich. London, 1754. In two volumes, folio.

This is one of the most laborious and most useful works ever published for the advancement of Hebrew knowledge, and the understanding of the Old Testament in its original language. It is, in fact, a Grammar, Lexicon, and Concordance, founded on the Concordance of Buxtorf, all whose errors Dr. Taylor has corrected. He has also inserted the word or words, by which any Hebrew word is translated in the English Bible: and where the Hebrew is not literally rendered, a literal translation is added. In general, all change or difference in the two texts is diligently remarked; and Dr. T. has added all the words (about one hundred and twenty-one in number) which Buxtorf had omitted; together with the particles out of Noldius. This invaluable work was published under the patronage of all the English and Irish bishops, and is a monument to their honour, as well as to the learning and industry of its author. The price of this Concordance varies from nine to twelve guineas, according to its condition.

(ii.) Concordances to the Septuagint Greek Version.

(1.) Conradi Kircheri Concordantiæ Veteris Testamenti Græcæ, Ebræis vocibus respondentes oλuxenso. Simul enim et Lexicon Ebraico-Latinum. Francofurti, 1607. In two volumes, 4to.

This laborious work, which is a Hebrew Dictionary and Concordance, is strongly recommended by father Simon, when treating on the best methods to be adopted in undertaking any new translation of the Scriptures. It contains all the Hebrew words in the Old Testament, introduced in an alphabetical order, and underneath is the Greek version of them from the Septuagint, followed by a collection of the passages of Scripture, in which those words are differently interpreted. Considered as a first essay, Kircher's Concordance possesses considerable merit. It is, however, now superseded by

(2.) Abrahami Trommii Concordantiæ Græcæ Versionis vulgo dictæ LXX. Interpretum. Amstelodami et Trajecti ad Rhenum. 1718, 2 vols. folio.

In this elaborate and valuable work, the order of the Greek alphabet is followed; the Greek word being first given, to which are subjoined its different acceptations in Latin. Then follow the different Hebrew words, which are explained by the Greek word in the Septuagint version. These different Hebrew words are arranged under the Greek in their alphabetical order, with the passages of Scrip ture where they occur. If the word in question occurs in Aquila, Symmachus, Theodotion, or any of the other antient Greek interpreters of the Old Testament, the places where it is found are referred to at the conclusion of the quotations from the Scriptures; and immediately after these all the passages in the Apocry pha are specified, where the word occurs. The work is terminated by a useful Index, Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon, a Greek Lexicon to Origen's Hexapla (by Montfaucon), and a succinct collation (by Lambert Bos) of the Frankfort and Ro man editions of the Septuagint. This work is beautifully printed.1

(iii.) Concordances to the Greek Testament.

(1.) Concordantiæ Græcæ Novi Testamenti, ab Henrico Stephano Geneva, 1699. folio. 1524. folio.

This Concordance is noticed here, to put the student on his guard, as it may generally be purchased at a low price. It is so carelessly executed, that some critics suppose Henry Stephens not to have been the editor of it; and that he lent his name to the work for pecuniary considerations.

(2.) Novi Testamenti Græci Jesu Christi Tameion, aliis Concordantiæ; ita concinnatum, ut et loca reperiendi, et vocum veras sig ́nificationes, et significationum diversitates per collationem investi gandi, ducis instar esse possit. Opera Erasmi Schmidii, Græc. Lat. et Mathem. Prof. Accedit nova præfatio Ernesti Salomonis Cypriani. Lipsiæ. 1717. folio. Londini, 1819. 2 vols. 8vo.

The best Greek Concordance to the New Testament. The London reprint įs most beautifully executed.

(3.) A Concordance to the Greek Testament, with the English version to each word; the principal Hebrew roots corresponding to the Greek words of the Septuagint; with short critical notes, and an Index. By John Williams, LL. D. 4to. London, 1767.

"The lovers of sacred literature will find this work very useful in many respects: it is compiled with great pains and accuracy." (Monthly Rev. O. S. vol. xxxvi. p. 400.)

(iv.) Concordances to the English Bible.

These are of two kinds, Concordances of words, which are numerous, and Concordances of parallel passages. Of the former class those of Cruden and Butterworth are by far the best; and of the latter the Concordances of Crutwell, Bagster, Bishop Gastrell, Locke, Warden, Talbot, and Strutt, claim the notice of the biblical student. (1.) A Complete Concordance to the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testament, or a Dictionary and Alphabetical Index to the Bible. In two parts. By Alexander Cruden, M. A. London, 1763. 4to. 1810. 4to.

The first edition of this well known and most useful Concordance appeared at London in 1737. The edition of 1763 is the third and last of those corrected by the author, and is usually considered as the best, from his known diligence and accuracy in correcting the press. The value of Cruden's Concordance has caused it to be repeatedly printed, but not always with due regard to accuracy. The London edition of 1810, however, is an honourable exception; every word, with its references, having been most carefully examined by Mr. Deodatus Bye (formerly a respectable printer), who voluntarily employed some years in this arduous task; for which he is justly entitled to the thanks of every reader of the Holy Scriptures. Another very accurate edition was printed a few years since at the press of Messrs. Nuttall and Co. of Liverpool, who employed a person to collate and verify every word and reference.

(2.) A New Concordance to the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testament or a Dictionary and Alphabetical Index to the Bible, together with the various significations of the principal words, by which the true meaning of many passages is shown. By the Rev. John Butterworth. London, 1767; 1785; 1816; Svo.

This is in a great measure a judicious and valuable abridgment of Mr. Cruden's Concordance. Singular pains were bestowed by its compiler, in order to ensure correctness, by collating every word and reference in the proof sheets with the several texts of the Bible. The second edition of 1785 is considerably improved. The third impression of 1816 has some alterations in the definitions, made by Dr. A. Clarke; who has reprinted the original of the passages so altered. Those who cannot afford to purchase Cruden's work, will find this of Mr. Butterworth extremely valuable.

(3.) A Concordance of Parallels collected from Bibles and Commentaries, which have been published in Hebrew, Latin, French Spanish, and other Languages, with the Authorities of each. By the Rev. C. Crutwell. 4to. London, 1790.

This is a very elaborate work, and will amply repay the labour of consulting; though the parallelisms are not always to be traced, and are sometimes very fanciful. But for this the industrious author is not to be censured, as he every where cites his authorities, which are very numerous.

(4.) The Scripture Harmony: or Concordance of Parallel Passages, being a Commentary on the Bible from its own Resources : Consisting of an extensive Collection of References from all the most esteemed Commentators, &c. &c. 4to. royal 8vo. and 18mo. London, 1818.

The contents of this useful compilation are comprised in three particulars: viz. 1. The Chronology, in which Dr. Blayney is followed, his being deemed the best fitted for general utility. 2. The various readings, in the giving of which great

care has been bestowed. These various readings are stated to be "printed on a plan which to the unlearned reader will be more clear than the usual method, and which the narrow limits of the margin of a Bible could not admit: in this the very words of the text are printed at length, and the various readings are presented in a different type; so that while both are at one view before the reader for his choice, as the connection and analogy of faith may direct, the usefulness of the work is increased, because it becomes thereby adapted to every edition of the Bible" and, 3. The Scripture References, a laborious compilation of half a million of Scripture references, chiefly from the Latin Vulgate, Dr. Blayney, Canne, Brown, Scott, and other valuable writers, who have devoted their services to this useful mode of illustrating the Scriptures. It is proper to remark, that in this compilation of references the publisher professes only to have collected a mass of texts from various authors of the highest character for success in this useful and pious labour, and then to have arranged their varied contributions into regular order; the verse of the chapter under illustration is first marked; then follow the parallel passages in the book itself in which the chapter stands; afterwards the references are placed regularly in the order of the books of Scripture. The remark on Mr. Crutwell's Concordance of Parallels may be extended to the present work.

(5.) Christian Institutes, or the Sincere Word of God collected out of the Old and New Testaments, digested under proper heads, and delivered in the very words of Scripture. By Francis Gastrell, D. D. Bishop of Chester.

This valuable little work, which may perhaps be considered as a Concordance of parallel passages at full length, was first published in 1707, and has since been repeatedly printed in 12mo. It may be very advantageously substituted for any of the subsequent larger and more expensive works.

(6.) A Common-Place Book to the Holy Bible, or the Scripture's Sufficiency practically demonstrated: wherein the substance of Scripture respecting doctrine, worship, and manners, is reduced to its proper heads. By John Locke, Esq. A new edition, revised and improved by the Rev. William Dodd, LL. D. 4to. London, 1805.

Though this work is ascribed to the celebrated philosopher Mr. Locke, we have not been able to ascertain whether it was really compiled by him. An edition of it was published by the unfortunate Dr. Dodd, from which the present impression was made. It certainly is a very useful book.

(7.) A System of Revealed Religion, digested under proper heads, and composed in the express words of Scripture; containing all that the Sacred Records reveal with respect to Doctrine and Deity. By John Warden, M. A. London, 1769. 4to. 1819. 2 vols. 8vo.

This work is exceedingly valuable as a common-place book, or harmony of pas sages of Scripture. It was recommended by Dr. Robertson the historian, and other eminent divines of the Scottish church. In this work the author has collected all that the Scriptures contain relating to any one article of faith or practice under each respective head, in the very words of the sacred writers, with the occasional insertion of a brief note at the foot of a page, and a remark or two at the end of some few chapters. The texts are so arranged as to add to their perspicuity, and at the same time to illustrate the subject; and the chapters are so constructed and disposed, that each may form a regular and continued discourse. The work is executed with singular ability and fidelity, and the late reprint of it is truly an acquisition to biblical students.

(8.) An Analysis of the Holy Bible; containing the whole of the Old and New Testaments, collected and arranged systematically. By Matthew Talbot. Leeds and London, 1800. 4to.

This work has been justly characterised as a book of good arrangement and convenient reference, and calculated to augment, by very easy application, our stores of sacred knowledge." (British Critic, O. S. vol. xviii. pp. iii. 88, 89.) It is divided into thirty books, which are subdivided into 285 chapters, and 4144 sec. tions. This" Analysis" is of great rarity and high price.

(9.) Common-Place Book; or Companion to the Old and NewTestaments; being a Scripture Account of the Faith and Practice

of Christians; consisting of an ample Collection of pertinent Texts on the sundry Articles of Revealed Religion. A new edition, corrected, compared, and enlarged, by Joseph Strutt. 8vo. London, 1813.

This is a reprint, with corrections and additions, of a work originally printed at Dublin in the year 1763. The arrangement, though not equally good with that of some of the works above noticed, is clear; the selection of texts is sufficiently ample and a useful index will enable the reader to find passages of Scripture arranged on almost every topic he can desire. The book is neatly printed: and as it is of easy purchase, it may be substituted for any of the larger common-place books already noticed.

SECTION III.

SCHOLIASTS AND GLOSSOGRAPHERS.

I. Nature of Scholia. - II. And of Glossaries.-III. Rules for consulting them to advantage in the interpretation of the Scriptures. THE preceding are the more excellent and certain helps by which to ascertain the meaning of the original words and phrases of Scripture; and which will doubtless be resorted to by every one who is desirous of searching the Bible for himself. As however it is impracticable for the generality of students to obtain and to collate all the versions, and to acquire a thorough knowledge of all the kindred languages, it becomes necessary to avail ourselves of the labours of learned men, who have diligently applied themselves to the study and illustration of the Scriptures. We have already stated that scholiasts and glossographers afford direct testimonies for finding out or fixing the meaning of words: it now remains that we briefly notice the nature of the assistance to be derived from these helps.

I. SCHOLIA are short notes on antient authors, and are of two kinds-exegetical or explanatory, and grammatical. The former briefly explain the sense of passages, and are in fact a species of commentary; the latter, which are here to be considered, illustrate the force and meaning of words by other words which are better known. Such scholia are extant on most of the antient classics, as Homer, Thucydides, Sophocles, Aristophanes, Horace, Juvenal, Persius, &c. &c.

On the Old Testament, we believe, there are no antient scholia extant but on the New Testament there are several collections, which present themselves under three classes.

1. Scholia taken from the writings of the Greek fathers, who in their homilies and commentaries have often briefly explained the force of particular words.

The homilies of Chrysostom, in particular, abound with these scholia; and from his works, as well as those of Origen and other fathers, the more modern Greeks have extracted what those illustrious men had concisely stated relative to the meaning of words. Similar grammatical expositions, omitting whatever was rhetorical and doctrinal, have been collected from Chrysostom by Theodoret in a commentary on the fourteen Epistles of Saint Paul; by Theophylact, in an indifferent commentary on the four Evangelists; and, to mention no more, by Euthymius in a similar commentary executed with better judgment. There are extant numerous collections of this kind of explanations, made from the writings of the

fathers, and known by the appellation of Catena, which follow the order of the books comprised in the New Testament. Many such scholia have been published by Matthæi in his edition of the New Testament.

2. Scholia, written either in the margin, within the text, or at the end

of manuscripts.

Many of this description have been published separately by Father Simon,2 by Wetstein in the notes to his elaborate edition of the Greek Testament, and particularly by Matthæi in his edition of the New Testament already noticed.

3. Antient Scholia which are also exegetical or explanatory; these in fact are short commentaries, and therefore are discussed infra, in the Appendix to this volume, No. VI. Sect. I.

II. A GLOSSARY differs from a lexicon in this respect, that the former treats only of words that really require explanation, while the latter gives the general meaning of words. The authors of the most antient Glossaries are Hesychius, Suidas, Phavorinus, Photius, and Cyril of Alexandria. The celebrated Ernesti selected from the three first of these writers, and also from the Etymologicon Magnum, whatever related to the New Testament, and published the result of his researches in two octavo volumes, with the following titles:

1. Gloss Sacræ Hesychii, Græcè; excerpsit emendavit, notisque illustravit, Joh. Christ. Ernesti. Lipsia, 1786. 8vo.

2. Suidæ et Phavorini Glossæ Sacræ, Græcè, cum spicilegio Gloss. SS. Hesychii et Etymologici Magni: congessit, emendavit, et notis illustravit, J. C. G. Ernesti. Lipsia, 1786. 8vo.

Schleusner has extracted the most valuable matter from these works, and inserted it in his well known and excellent Greek Lexicon to the New Testament.

III. In estimating the value of scholiasts and glossographers, and also the weight of their testimony, for ascertaining the force and meaning of words, it is of importance to consider, first, whether they wrote from their own knowledge of the language, and have given us the result of their own learning, or whether they compiled from others. Almost all the scholia now extant are compiled from Chrysostom, Origen, or some other fathers of the third and fourth centuries; if the scholiast have compiled from good authorities, his labours have a claim to our attention.

In proportion, therefore, to the learning of a scholiast (and the same remark will equally apply to the glossographer), he becomes the more deserving of our confidence: but this point can only be determined by daily and constant use. The Greek fathers, for instance, are admirable interpreters of the New Testament, being intimately acquainted with its language; notwithstanding they are sometimes mistaken in the exposition of its Hebraisms. But the Latin fathers, many of whom were but indifferently skilled in Hebrew and Greek, are less to be depended on, and are in fact only wretched interpreters of comparatively ill executed versions.

Again, our confidence in a scholiast, or in the author of a glossary, increases in proportion to his antiquity, at least in the explanation of every thing concerning antient history, rites, or civil life. But in investigating the force and meaning of words, the antiquity of scholia

1 See an account of the principal Catena, infra, in the Appendix, No. VI. Sect. III. § 7.

Histoire Critique du Texte du Nouveau Testament. Rotterdam, 1684. 4to.