World Civilization: A Brief HistoryRowman & Littlefield, 1993 - 575 páginas Robin W. Winks placed particular emphasis on those developments that most directly explain the nature of the modern world: social diffusion, group and national consciousness, technological change, religious identities-those aspects of intellectual history that have contributed most to our current dilemmas. In turn this means that there is more in World Civilization: A Brief History about nationalism, imperialism, or ethnic identities than there is about monarchies, feudalism, or diplomacy. The result of the strategic and intellectual decisions made with respect to this textbook is that its proportions are not the customary ones. Particular emphasis is placed on the early origins of civilizations, on Greece and Rome, and on the period of the so-called barbarian invasions, because it is by studying these periods that students may best learn how societies are formed. Particular emphasis is also placed on the period from the French Revolution on, for it is the events of the last two hundred years that have most closely shaped our present condition. This book can be read, straight through and in its entirety, as an interpretive statement about Western history written by a person who knew a good bit about non-Western history and who could thus throw into perspective the unusual, the commonplace, and the comparable in that sector of history conventionally labeled 'Western'. The text draws on over thirty-five years of discovering, in the classroom, what students themselves wish to ask about the past rather than what a body of scholars may have concluded they should wish to ask. Though this book is largely about Western civilization, it is also about world civilizations, for from the eighteenth century forward--and in many aspects of life, much earlier-the non-West has interacted with the West in such a way as to make it virtually impossible to separate one from the other when dealing at this level of generalization. As a teacher of the history of exploration and discovery, of imperialism and decolonizati |
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I RECOVERABLE HISTORY BEGINS PEOPLE OF RIVER AND PLAIN | 18 |
THE TOOLMAKER | 19 |
THE BEGINNINGS OF AGRICULTURE | 20 |
PRIMITIVE TRADE | 22 |
PRIESTLY CASTES | 23 |
TIGRISEUPHRATES DOMINANCE | 25 |
CLIMATE | 29 |
ON THE EDGE OF THE EARLIEST CIVILIZATIONS THE SPREAD OF INFLUENCES | 31 |
PORTUGAL AND SPAIN | 234 |
FRANCE HOLLAND AND ENGLAND | 241 |
THE GREAT WAR FOR EMPIRE | 245 |
THE MODERN STATE | 247 |
THE MODERN REVOLUTION IN THE WEST | 255 |
CHANGING SOCIETIES | 257 |
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION | 261 |
THE PROBLEM OF HISTORIOGRAPHY | 265 |
DESERT MOUNTAIN AND FOREST CIVILIZATION AND BARBARISM IN THE SECOND MILLENNIUM bc | 34 |
MYCENAE | 36 |
THE HEBREWS | 37 |
AN AGE OF HEROES THE BEGINNINGS OF MEDITERRANEAN ANTIQUITY | 41 |
LEGENDARY HISTORY OF ISRAEL | 42 |
ZOROASTRIANISM | 45 |
Mediterranean Antiquity 500 BCAD 750 | 53 |
OUR GRAECOROMAN WORLD | 55 |
GREEK SOCIETY AND THE ORIGINS OF HELLENISTIC CULTURE | 60 |
SPARTA | 62 |
ATHENS | 63 |
THE GOLDEN AGE OF GREECE | 69 |
THE POLIS | 72 |
SOCRATES PLATO ARISTOTLE | 74 |
DECLINE OF THE ATHENIAN EMPIRE | 77 |
ALEXANDER THE GREAT | 79 |
FROM THE POLIS TO THE WORLD HELLENISTIC CIVILIZATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN AND NEAR EAST | 81 |
INTERDEPENDENCE | 84 |
PTOLEMAIC EGYPT | 86 |
PALESTINE | 88 |
A WORLD EXPANDS THE RISE OF ROME | 93 |
THE RISE OF ROME | 96 |
INTELLECTUAL LIFE | 102 |
TOWARD A WORLD STATE | 105 |
THE BEGINNINGS OF CHRISTIANITY | 112 |
THE CRISIS OF LATE ANTIQUITY TRANSFORMATION OF THE MEDITERRANEAN WORLD | 116 |
DIOCLETIAN AND CONSTANTINE | 118 |
THE DECLINE OF ROME | 120 |
BARBARIAN INVASIONS | 122 |
BYZANTIUM | 123 |
AT THE GATES OF THE WEST | 127 |
THE PROBLEM OF SECURITY | 131 |
Traditional Europe AD 7501789 | 133 |
THE PART WE CALL THE MIDDLE | 135 |
REGIONAL RESOURCES AND UNIVERSAL AMBITIONS 750950 | 141 |
CONSTANTINOPLE AND COSMOPOLITANISM | 142 |
ISLAMIC CULTURE | 145 |
GERMANIC EUROPE AND THE WESTERN FRONTIER | 149 |
GROWTH OF CHRISTIANITY | 150 |
MONASTICISM | 151 |
ASCENDENCY OF THE WEST | 155 |
CHARLEMAGNE | 158 |
ON THE EDGE OF CIVILIZATION | 160 |
THE MAKING OF EUROPE 9501300 | 162 |
THE IDEA OF EUROPE | 163 |
AN END TO NONEUROPEAN INVADERS | 166 |
AN AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION | 167 |
TERRITORIAL PRINCIPALITIES | 169 |
FEUDALISM | 171 |
THE DICTATES OF GEOGRAPHY | 174 |
ECCLESIATICAL CHANGE | 175 |
THE WEST STRIKES BACK | 178 |
CRISIS AND RECOVERY IN TRADITIONAL EUROPE 13001715 | 182 |
DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE | 186 |
RISE OF THE MONARCHIES | 188 |
THE PAPACY | 191 |
THREATS FROM NEW INVADERS | 194 |
THE RENAISSANCE | 195 |
THE REFORMATION | 202 |
A NEW WORLD IN THE MAKING MODERN EUROPE | 212 |
THE AGE OF DISCOVERY | 213 |
THE BASES OF EXPANSION | 216 |
EARLY CAPITALISM | 219 |
MERCANTILISM | 226 |
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS | 230 |
POLITICAL ORGANIZATION | 233 |
RESTRUCTURING POWER AND SOCIETY 17151815 | 270 |
No Break with the Past The Nineteenth Century in Perspective | 281 |
THE AGE OF THE DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION | 283 |
FROM REVOLUTION TO REVOLUTION 17891848 | 289 |
THE NEW REVOLUTIONS | 292 |
THE ENDURING IDEAS FINDING THEORETICAL BASES FOR SECURITY | 297 |
SURGE OF NATIONALISM POSTPONEMENT | 302 |
SECULAR ATTEMPTS TO CONTROL HUMAN DESTINY | 306 |
SOCIALISM | 307 |
MARXISM | 310 |
DARWIN AND DARWINISM SALVATION THROUGH SCIENCE | 317 |
EUROPES NEW NATIONS NATIONALISM TRIUMPHANT 18481914 | 324 |
GERMANY | 329 |
New Wine in Old Bottles Today Enters the Front Door 18481919 | 339 |
AN AGE OF INSECURITY | 341 |
THE POLITICS OF EUROPES TRADITIONAL POWERS 18481914 | 349 |
GREAT BRITAIN | 355 |
AUSTRIAHUNGARY | 359 |
RUSSIA | 368 |
A CENTURY IN SEARCH OF SECURITY SOCIETY AND GROWTH | 375 |
DECLINE OF THE WEST? | 380 |
IMPERIALISM | 384 |
NONRATIONAL IMPULSES TO EMPIRE | 389 |
DID COLONIES PAY? | 394 |
NONWESTERN RESPONSES TO THE WEST | 397 |
THE BALANCE SHEET | 404 |
THE BRITISH EMPIRE | 406 |
FROM COLONY TO NATION | 410 |
AMERICAN AND RUSSIAN EXPANSIONISM | 414 |
THE NEW IMPERIALISM | 421 |
THE FIRST WORLD WAR CAUSES CONDUCT CONSEQUENCES | 425 |
THE WINDOW ON THE SEA | 426 |
THE BOER WAR | 428 |
SECRET ALLIANCE SYSTEMS | 429 |
THE ART OF POSTPONEMENT | 431 |
TINDERBOX FOR WAR | 433 |
HURTING TOWARD WAR | 436 |
THE BALKAN LEAGUE | 437 |
CHANCE AND HISTORY | 442 |
WHOS RESPONSIBLE? | 444 |
THE FRONTS | 445 |
IN EUROPE | 446 |
THE HOME FRONT | 453 |
BRINGING AMERICA INTO THE WAR | 454 |
THE COLLAPSE OF THE POWERS | 457 |
NEW WEAPONS NEW WAYS | 460 |
THE PEACE | 462 |
The Years That Became Ours 1919 to the 1990s | 467 |
THE SEARCH FOR NORMALCY | 469 |
THE HIDDEN POLITICAL COLLAPSE OF EUROPE | 472 |
COMMUNISM | 475 |
THE RISE OF FASCISM AND NAZISM | 480 |
THE SECOND WORLD WAR AN ERA OF CONTINUOUS WAR FOR CONTINUOUS PEACE | 485 |
ORIGINS | 486 |
THE WAR | 491 |
THE WEST SINCE 1945 | 499 |
THE COLD WAR | 501 |
THE END OF EMPIRES | 506 |
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND EUROPEAN ECONOMIC ADVANCES | 510 |
TIME OF DANGER TIME OF CHALLENGE | 516 |
EMERGENCE OF SOCIAL ISSUES | 518 |
EPILOGUE | 525 |
WHEN YOU WANT TO READ MORE | 529 |
551 | |
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