southeastern side about northeast and southwest. The smaller island of Guimaras, separated by a narrow strait from the southeastern coast of Panay, may have been at one time connected with the larger island. Near the western coast of Panay a chain of mountains extends in a curve from the northwestern to the southern promontory, and from the middle of this chain another range branches off to the northeastern promontory of the island, which is thus divided into three natural districts, which form the Provinces of Antique, Capiz, and Iloilo. Panay is exceedingly fertile, being watered by numerous mountain streams, and it supports a large population, composed mostly of Visayans, with a few Negritos in the mountains. The island produces rice, sugar, cotton, coffee, tobacco, pepper, and cacao. Ebony and sapan wood are obtained from the forests, while pearl shells, tortoise shell, and trepang are found on its coasts. It is one of the most densely populated and highly cultivated islands of the archipelago. It has three large towns, Kalibo, Capiz, and Iloilo, the latter a port of entry and one of the largest places in the Philippines, with an extensive foreign and interisland trade. There are no volcanoes on Panay.

The mountain mass, 2,973 feet (906 m.) high, which forms the northwestern promontory of the island, terminates in a clear and steep coast, of which the principal salients are Nasog and Pucio Points.

Nasog Point, the northwestern extremity of Panay, is a wooded bluff 160 feet (49 m.) high, with a clear and steep-to shore; on its northern side there is good anchorage; off the Malay River there are 5 fathoms (9.1 m.), sand bottom, but a 334-fathom (6.8 m.) shoal lies 1 miles off the mouth of the river and 3 miles northeast of Nasog Point.

Pucio Point, 8 miles south-southwestward of Nasog Point, which it resembles, is 596 feet (182 m.) high and is girt with rocks, which project some distance from it.

The anchorage off Buruanga is between the two points in a little bay, with a depth of 32 to 5 fathoms (5.4 to 9.1 m.), off a beach near the mouth of a small river. West of the town a 2-fathom (3.6 m.) shoal extends 1/4 mile from shore. Between Buruanga and Pucio Point the coast is fringed with detached coral rocks. Above these rocks the coast presents high, rocky cliffs with cascades falling over them.

From Pucio Point the coast trends eastward and is safe, with good depth near it and generally bordered with sand beaches, but a 234fathom (5 m.) shoal lies 1/2 mile to the southward of the small town of San Roque and a 2-fathom (3.6 m.) shoal 1⁄2 mile south-southeastward of Tingib. Two lines of hills run parallel to the coast; their slopes are cultivated and are dotted with churches.

Pandan Bay is safe, steep, and deep, but offers little shelter except during the northeast monsoon. The town of Pandan lies in the bend of the coast and 2 miles southeastward from the Bugan River. There is good anchorage in 7 to 10 fathoms (12.8 to 18.3 m.) off the town of Pandan.

Sebaste Shoal, with a least depth of 4 fathoms (7.3 m.), lies about 5 miles westward of the village of Sebaste.

Maniguin Island, lying 13 miles southwestward of Pucio Point, Panay, has a narrow ridge 110 feet (33 m.) high across its southern end, but the remainder of the island is low and wooded, and not more than 15 feet (4.6 m.) high. It is fringed with coral reefs with deep water at their edges. The northern and western points should not be approached closer than 11⁄2 mile, and the southern point should be given a berth of at least 1 mile. The eastern side of the island is bold. A group flashing light, visible 20 miles, is shown from a gray, concrete tower near the southeastern point of the island. The only anchorages, and those but indifferent ones, are in 15 to 25 fathoms (27 to 46 m.), close to the edge of the reef, northeastward or southwestward of the northwest point of the island, according to the season. The last-mentioned anchorage is the better one.

From Pandan the coast trends a little west of south for about 17 miles to Lipata Point, forming several bights of no great depth, separated by rounding points. The largest of these bights is north of Lipata Point. It is about 5 miles across from the mouth of the Bacalan River to Lipata Point and about 11⁄2 miles deep. This coast is broken by numerous small rivers, none of which have any commercial importance, and has many small towns and villages. The shore is generally clear and is free from danger at a distance of 11⁄2 mile from the beach. The only off-lying danger is Sebaste Shoal, which has been described.

Lipata Point is a low, wooded tongue extending about 1 mile west-northwestward of the general trend of the shore. It is fringed by a narrow steep-to reef on the north and the south sides, while at the end of the point the reef extends nearly 12 mile in a northwesterly direction. Northward from the point, in uneven depths of from 512 to 23 fathoms (10 to 42 m.), is the best anchorage in this vicinity during the southwest monsoon. The village of Lipata lies on the point, but is nearly hidden by surrounding coconut trees.

Batbatan Island lies 712 miles westward of Lipata Point. About 1 mile from its western end is a hill, 550 feet (168 m.) high, with sides sloping regularly to the shores, which are generally cliffs from 20 to 50 feet (6.1 to 15.2 m.) high. About 80 yards south of the west end of the island is a small coral islet 10 feet (3 m.) high. A reef less than 1/4 mile wide fringes the southern shore, and shoal water extends a short distance from each end of the island and from a point on the north side near the village. The cliff formation of the shore is broken in a few places by sandy beaches, on which it is possible to land in fine weather. Of these, the beach at the eastern end of the island is that commonly used by the natives. It is in a small cove protected by a sand spit which extends 1 mile southward from the eastern end of the island. From this landing a footpath crosses the island to the village of Batbatan, on the north shore, about 34 mile from the east end. Batbatan is well cultivated nearly to its summit, the principal crops being rice and corn. The passage between this island and Panay is deep and clear, except for the shoal west of Maralison Island, to be noted later.

Seco Island is small and composed of low, shifting sand hills, resting upon a coral reef which is steep-to all around.

About 211⁄2 miles northeastward of Seco Island is a shoal of moderate extent with a least known depth of 34 fathoms (5.9 m.).

Carmen Bank, lying about 5 miles northwestward of Seco Islet, is composed of sand and coral, and has a least known depth of 212 fathoms (4.6 m.). About 2 miles south of the 212-fathom (4.6 m.) spot and about 4 miles from Seco Islet is a bank with 9 fathoms (16.4 m.) over it.

Sultan Bank, lying westward of Carmen Bank, is two separate shoals. The outer one has a least depth of 7 fathoms (12.8 m.) and lies about 1334 miles west by north from Seco Islet and 10/2 miles from Carmen Bank. About 314 miles east-northeastward of the 7-fathom (12.8 m.) bank is the shoaler spot, with a least known depth of 334 fathoms (6.8 m.). This shoal lies 1114 miles west-northwestward of Seco Islet and 712 miles from Carmen Bank. All of the shoals just described rise abruptly from deep water.

Maralison Island, about 311⁄2 miles south-southwestward of Lipata Point and 12 miles from shore, is 285 feet (87 m.) high; with the exception of the flat, sandy point at the eastern end it consists of a group of smaller peaks rising rapidly from the shores. The usual landing place is behind a sand spit at the eastern end. A small islet, 135 feet (41 m.) high, lies close to its western side and is connected with it by a reef bare at low water.

A rock awash lies about midway between Maralison Island and Panay. Another rock awash lies 1 mile south-southeastward of the east end of the island. A shoal having a least depth of 2 fathoms (3.6 m.) with 10 fathoms (18.3 m.) in the channel between it and the island, lies 3/4 mile westward of the west end of Maralison Island. There is deep water between these rocks and between the rocks and the island.

Sombrero Rock, 2734 miles northwestward of Nogas Island Light, shows as two black rocks of about the same height, each appearing no larger than a big boat. A report states that Sombrero Rock was seen from a distance of 10 miles with an elevation of the eye of 43 feet (13.1 m.) and when approaching it from northward it first appeared in two parts, of which the western, about 20 feet (6.1 m.) high, was the higher.

The town of Culasi lies on the coast about 211⁄2 miles southward of Lipata Point. From this place southward the coast is steep, while the shores are composed of sand and an occasional narrow, coral reef. The town of Tibiao lies just southward of the rounding point and the river of the same name. A coral reef awash at low water lies 12 mile northwest of the town of Barbaza and about mile offshore; a 1-fathom (1.8 m.) patch lies about 1 mile northward and another 1-fathom (1.8 m.) patch 34 mile southward of the reef awash, both being about 1/2 mile offshore.

Southward from Barbaza the coast continues clear and steep-to. There are a number of small unimportant villages on this coast. The Sibalom River, which empties through two mouths about 4 miles northward of Dalipe Point, has very little water on its bar. The town of Sibalom lies about 5 miles up the river. South of the river mouth a shelf or bank extends about 1 mile from shore with 9 fathoms (16.4 m.) near the outer edge, outside of which the water deepens rapidly.

Dalipe Point, about 21 miles northward of Naso Point, is the most western point in this vicinity; it is low, wooded, clean, and steep-to.

Tubigan Point, about 134 miles southeastward of Dalipe Point, is low and fringed by a narrow strip of rocks; it may be recognized by an old fort with a roof standing on the southern part. A flashing white light, visible 9 miles, is exhibited from a concrete pillar on top of the fort.

San Jose de Buenavista (chart 4415), the capital of Antique Province, is at the head of a cove lying eastward of Tubigan Point. It is small and of little commercial importance, and is almost hidden by large trees, only a few iron roofs being visible. The cable from Cuyo lands here, and there is telegraphic communication with Iloilo. Anchorage exposed to all but northeast winds may be found southward of the town in 6 to 7 fathoms (11 to 12.8 m.), irregular rocky bottom, with the fort bearing 345° (N. by W. % W. mag.). Strangers are advised not to go too close in, as there are a number of sunken rocks and the bottom is foul. A small coral reef about 20 yards in diameter, with a least depth of 314 fathoms (5.9 m.) and surrounded by deep water, lies 3/4 mile southeastward of the old fort on Tubigan Point.

The town of Antique is, about 311⁄2 miles southeastward of San Jose de Buenavista, near the mouth of the Antique River.

The Malandoc River, with 6 feet (1.8 m.) on its bar at low water and 18 feet (5.5 m.) inside, empties about 134 miles southeastward of Tubigan Point. From the mouth of the Malandoc River to Naso Point the coast is very steep, with sandy beaches, except at Sandual, Jaldan, and Bayo Points. Jaldan Point, about 51/4 miles northward of Nogas Island Light, is a sharp, bold, rocky point 90 feet (27.4 m.) high, projecting prominently into the sea. The rivers, with the exception of the Malandoc and Antique, have very little water on their bars. There are several villages and towns along the shore, the principal one, Dao, may be recognized by a prominent church with a square, iron-covered tower. Dao lies near the mouth of the river of the same name, about 2 miles northeastward of Jaldan Point.

Naso Point, the wide southwestern extremity of Panay, is abreast a high prominent detached ridge. It may be readily recognized by the town of Aniniy, which contains a large, white-stone church with an iron roof, which is very prominent from seaward. A small vessel can anchor eastward of Aniniy in the northeast monsoon in 12 fathoms (2.7 m.); sandy bottom.

Nogas Islet, about 5% mile south-southwestward of Aniniy, is low. flat, and wooded, and surrounded by a reef. Between it and the coast is a narrow channel sometimes used by coasters. In the middle of the western entrance is a reef of 50 yards extent with 211⁄2 fathoms (4.6 m.) on it. An occulting white light, visible 15 miles, is shown from a steel-frame tower in the center of Nogas Islet.

SOUTH COAST OF PANAY

Juraojurao Islet, 24 miles eastward of Nogas, is small, low, wooded, and surrounded by reefs. There is no channel between Juraojurao and the mainland. It is not advisable to anchor between Nogas and Juraojurao Islets, as the bottom is rocky.

The south coast of Panay from Naso Point trends northeastward for 16 miles to Talisaya Point and is high, clear, and steep-to.

Cresta de Gallo, a saw-toothed ridge about midway between Aniniy and the town of San Joaquin, is a prominent landmark. From Talisaya Point the coast trends east-northeast for 21 miles to the town of Oton; this part of the coast is low but free from danger until near Oton Bank. From Oton to Iloilo, a distance of 51⁄2 miles, the shore continues low and is fringed with coconut trees.

Oton Bank is a bank of soft muddy sand which begins about 1 mile west-southwest of Fort San Pedro and extends about 8 miles in a west-southwest and southwest direction. It is composed of shifting sand and said to be extending westward; vessels should not attempt to cross it. There is a narrow channel between it and the Panay Shore, sometimes used by coasting vessels, but the main channel into Iloilo lies between the bank and Guimaras Island. The western limit of the 5-fathom (9.1 m.) curve surrounding Oton Bank lies on the line bearing 204° (SSW. mag.) from Oton Church and the southern limit 260 (W. by S. mag.) from Muhuy Point, the rugged point, 240 feet (73 m.) high, about 1 mile southwestward of Cabalic Point.

The channel into Iloilo eastward of Oton Bank is marked as follows: A black buoy marks the southern edge of Oton Bank; a black buoy and a red gas buoy mark the channel eastward of the bank.

Iloilo (chart 4448) stands on a low, sandy flat at the mouth of the river of the same name on the western side of Iloilo Strait. It is a port of entry and has considerable commerce. At the southern extremity of the flat on which the town stands is a large prominent fort with deep water close-to. Extensive harbor improvements are maintained; stone jetties have been carried out from both sides of the river entrance and retaining walls have been constructed. The lower reach of the river, from the strait almost to the new customhouse, has been dredged to a depth of 22 feet (6.6 m.) and a width of 500 feet (152 m.). Supplies of all kinds are available. There are machine shops capable of making all ordinary repairs. There is no dry dock; there is a small railway capable of hauling out vessels 120 feet (36.5 m.) long drawing not over 6 feet (1.8 m.) forward and 11 feet (3.3 m.) aft.

Iloilo is connected with the other ports of the archipelago by telegraph cables and has frequent steam communication with all points. There is a railway from Iloilo which extends northward as far as Capiz on the north coast of Panay. Typhoon signals are shown from the pilot's watch tower in accordance with instructions received from the Weather Bureau. Typhoons are not of frequent occurrence, although few years pass without their effects being felt

here.

Pilotage (see appendix) is compulsory for all foreign vessels. Pilotage through Iloilo Strait to and from the harbor (see appendix for harbor limits) or for shifting or changing berth is optional for vessels holding Philippine licenses and compulsory for all other vessels. Pilotage in the Iloilo River is compulsory for all vessels of 100 tons gross or more, except coastwise vessels when commanded by officers licensed for this district, in which case they pay 25 per cent of the regular river-pilotage fees.

The entrance to the river is marked by two flashing lights (green on the north jetty, red on the south jetty). The lights are exhibited