412 miles southeastward of Tabon Point. The river is navigable by small craft drawing not over 5 feet (1.5 m.) for 212 miles to the village of Ipil. The towns of Ubay, Talibon, and Getafe and the villages of Pangpang, Bahabaha, and Bagacay lie on or near this stretch of coast. They are all very small and of no commercial value at the present time, there being practically no commerce. little copra and fish are occasionally sent by small, native craft to Cebu.

East of the Cogton Mountains lies a large valley extending westward along the coast to the Ipil River and southward between the Cogton Mountains and Mount Batuanan. This latter mountain, 1,118 feet (340 m.) high, is the eastern termination of the long eastand-west ridge southwest of the Cogton Mountains, descending with a clifflike abruptness to the eastward and forming an easily distinguished landmark.

Westward of the Ipil River a belt of gently rolling country extends back from the coast from 1 to 3 miles, narrowing to the westward. Southward of this belt are rounded hills 600 to 900 feet (183 to 244 m.) high. The most valuable as landmarks are Cantamulig Hill, 234 miles southwestward of Tabon Point, and Mount Corte, 134 miles southwestward of Corte Point. Cantamulig Hill is not easily distinguished from the northward, being only 377 feet (125 m.) high, but from the eastward or westward it is very noticeable, as it is the most northerly of the hills in that vicinity and has a long, sloping shoulder extending north-northwestward from its summit. Mount Corte, at the northwest extremity of Bohol, is a round-topped hill 580 feet (177 m.) high, covered with grass and dotted with bushes. It has a long shoulder extending about 1 mile southward and terminating abruptly at the village of Corte in a cleft which separates it from a heavily wooded hill about 190 feet (58 m.) high. At the time of the survey there was an umbrella-shaped tree with a long slender trunk, conspicuous from the north and southwest, on the west flank of Mount Corte.

DANAJON BANK

is a large bank about 40 miles long and from 5 to 14 miles wide extending from the north side of Bohol Island. Its northern limit is marked by a chain of steep-to coral reefs 1/2 to 2 miles wide, which begins at Pandanon Islet, lying about 5 miles northwestward of Mount Corte, and sweeps around northward and eastward to within about 62 miles of the coast of Leyte. The only islets on these reefs are Pandanon, at the western extremity; the two Caubyan Islets, about 8 miles northeastward of Pandanon; Danajon Islet, about 27 miles eastward of the Caubyan Islets; and the Tood Islets, three in number, about 1/2 mile within the eastern end of the bank. On the western side of Northeast Pass on to the bank is a small, sandy cay which bares at about 3/4 tide. Pandanon Islet is low and sandy, small, and covered with coconut trees; Caubyan Islets are small, low, and partly wooded; Danajon Islet is very small; Tood Islets are small, sandy islets with a few bushes on them. The greater part of these reefs bare at low water and, being composed mainly of coral sand, are usually easily seen. Danajon Bank may be approached

either from west or east or through a number of breaks in the outer reefs. Good anchorage, protected from the sea, may be found in many places on the bank.

Danajon Bank is studded with numerous small, low, wooded islets, and there are a great number of reefs on it, some submerged and others bare at low water. Between these islets and reefs are numerous intricate and tortuous channels. The shoal places and coral reefs on the bank are not indicated by a change in the color of the water, and in the most favorable light show only as brown spots, which can scarcely be distinguished from cloud shadows. This seems due in part to silt in the water and in part to absence of coral sand on the reefs. This and the strong variable currents make the greater part of Danajon Bank unsafe for anything but very small vessels. The towns facing the bank are small and unimportant, and the little commerce is carried on by small, native sailing craft, the masters of which are familiar with the dangers.

Islands on Danajon Bank.-Lapinin Island, off the northeast coast of Bohol, marks the eastern limit of Danajon Bank. It is the most noticeable of the islands of the bank, being the largest and the only one of any elevation and has been described. Bambanon Island lies on the shore reef off Tabon Point; Handayan Island lies northward of Corte Point and is separated from Bohol by a narrow, intricate channel. In addition to these there are a number of small, unimportant islands lying close to the coast, inside of which there are no channels. The remaining islands may be roughly arranged in three belts extending parallel to Bohol. Nearer Bohol and separated from it by channels navigable by small vessels, going westward from Lapinin, are Bantigui, Butan, Macaina, Malingui, Cabantulan, Jau, Tambu, Mahanay, Banacon, and Masingin Islands. Near the northern part of the bank are Gaus, Jinutangan, Bilanbilangan, Nunu, Calituban, and Caubyan Islands, while Maumaun, Sagasay, Talaban, Saae, Basaan, and Guindacpan may be considered to form the intermediate belt. This, however, is a very artificial division, as these middle islands are not always clearly separated by channels from those of the other groups. All these islands are low and more or less wooded. Jinutangan, Nunu, Malingui, and Guindacpan bear coconut groves of various sizes, and scattered palms are found on some of the others. The outer islands, as a rule, have sandy beaches, while those closer to Bohol are usually fringed with mangroves. Since fishing is the greatest industry in this vicinity, almost all of the islands have some inhabitants, but the largest villages are on Gaus, Jinutangan, Nunu, Guindacpan, Calituban, and Caubyan Islands. The village of Tugas, at the northeast extremity of Lapinin Island, is the largest on that island.

Reefs on Danajon Bank.-Aside from the fringing reefs around the islands which extend to a greater or less distance, this area shows a fairly even bottom and, with the exception of two 12-fathom (2.7 m.) spots lying 1 and 111⁄2 miles, respectively, northward of Butan Ísland, may be considered free from dangers. On the large shoal between Gaus and Jinutangan nothing less than 3 fathoms (5.5 m.) is found. Jinutangan Island is surrounded by a reef for about 600 yards, leaving a narrow, 42-fathom (8.2 m.) channel

between it and Bilanbilangan Island. The reef surrounding Bilanbilangan extends 1 mile northwestward from it and nearly to a line drawn between Northeast Pass and Nunu Island.

The area bounded roughly by Talaban, Nunu, Maumaun, Macaina, and the east ends of Jau and Saae Islands should be considered a dangerous area, navigable only by small craft by the exercise of great caution. While narrow channels deep enough for fairly large vessels may be found leading in many directions, the numerous reefs, clouded water, and strong currents render it unsafe to use them, with the exception of the channel west of Malingui and Maumaun and south of Sagasay Islands. Extending southeastward from Nunu Island for about 2 miles, foul ground and several small patches bare at low water exist, leaving a channel about 3/4 mile wide between their southern extremity and the reef surrounding Sagasay Island. From the east end of Jau Island a large shoal, with several patches bare at low water near its northern and eastern limits, extends about 2 miles. Between Limosoc Reef, the eastern limit of this shoal, and Macaina Island there is a good channel about 1 mile wide.

There are fairly good channels between Basaan and Saae Islands and also between Basaan and Guindacpan Islands. Basaan Island should be given a good berth when rounding it, as foul ground extends for a considerable distance south and southwestward; a rock awash lies nearly 1 mile southwestward of Basaan. Northward of Basaan and separated from it by a narrow, tortuous, and foul channel is a large reef about 24 miles long east and west and 34 mile wide, which bares at low water; there are a few scattered mangroves growing on this reef. Eastward of Calituban Island, between Calituban Reef and the reef just described, is a channel through which 7 fathoms (12.8 m.) may be carried and which connects with the channel between Basaan and Guindacpan Islands.

Calituban Reef, beginning about 1 mile northeastward of Calituban Island and extending in a west-southwest direction for 1212 miles, is a large reef similar to the reef fringing the northern edge of Danajon Bank and roughly parallel to it. Its southwestern limit lies about 1 mile southeastward of Pandanon Island on the north side of Northwest Pass. It shows well in most lights because of the coral sand, and as a rule the water deepens abruptly from its edge to 10 to 15 fathoms (18.3 to 27.4 m.). The only islands on Calituban Reef are Calituban, Banacon, and Masingin. Between Calituban and Banacon Islands long sand banks bare at low water, and along these are many fishing huts built on piles. There is a good, deep channel between Calituban Reef and the reefs on the outer edge of Danajon Bank, but it is encumbered with several reefs which bare at low water, and there are several shoal spots covered with 1 to 22 fathoms (1.8 to 4.6 m.). In the absence of any aids to navigation and any good landmarks it is impossible to give any directions for this channel, and its use is not recommended.

Channels.-Danajon Bank may be approached by the Basiao Channel; the channel northward from Lapinin Island; Northeast Pass, a break in the outer reef; Middle Pass, a smaller but similar break; and Northwest Pass, between the reefs fringing Pandanon and Cabulan Islands. There is a small, narrow channel through which 2 fathoms (4.6 m.) may be carried on to the bank about 1

mile northwestward of Northeast Pass, but because of its little value and proximity to Northeast Pass it need not be described. Basiao Channel has already been described; the channel northward of Lapinin Island is about 71⁄2 miles wide, deep and clear, and does not require any further description.

Northeast Pass is a break in the reef fringing Danajon Bank about 12 miles westward of Canigao Island.

Directions.-Vessels approaching the Northeast Pass should steer between 227° (SW. % W. mag.) and 177° (S. % E. mag.), and when Nunu Island bears 227° (SW. W. mag.) steer for it. If bound for the town of Ubay, when Jinutangan Island bears 145° (SE. 34 S. mag.) steer 133° (SE. 14 E. mag.) until abeam of the east end of Jinutangan, round Jinutangan at a distance of 2 or 34 mile, and when the west end of Jinutangan bears 0° (N. 1 W. mag.) steer 180° (S. 1% E. mag.), passing about 1 mile eastward from Maumaun Island and the same distance westward from the two 12-fathom (2.7 m.) spots lying about 1 and 12 miles northward of Butan Island. When Ubay is sighted, it should be steered for and anchorage taken according to draft. When the summit of Lapinin Chico is abeam, a depth of 3 fathoms (5.5 m.) will be found about 2 miles from shore. Small vessels anchor in 2 fathoms (3.6 m.) about 12 mile from shore.

If bound for Talibon, a vessel should, after clearing the pass, steer 247° (SW. by W. % W. mag.), heading for Guindacpan_Island. This course will carry her well clear of the reef which extends about 14 miles northwestward of Bilanbilangan Island and midway between the reefs surrounding Talaban Island and a detached shoal, about 1 mile in diameter, lying about 3 miles west-northwestward of Nunu. This shoal bares at low water and shows well in the sunlight. The western edge of the reefs westward of Talaban Island is marked by Talibon Church in range with the east tangent to Saae Island. When Talaban Island is abeam, a mid-channel course between Saae and Basaan Islands will carry good water, and when the church at Talibon bears 180° (S. 1 E. mag.) it may be steered for and anchorage taken according to draft. The water in front of the town shoals gradually, with mud bottom. If bound for Jetafe, the above directions should be followed until the church at Talibon bears 180° (S. 1 E. mag.) and the north side of Tambu Island bears 270° (W. % S. mag.), when the vessel should be hauled westward to pass about 1/2 mile northward of Tambu and Mahanay Islands. Steer midway between Banacon Island and the northwest part of Mahanay Island; midway between Banacon and Handayan Islands and when the house on the wharf at Jetafe bears 135° (SE. % E. mag.) steer for it. and anchor in 4 fathoms (7.3 m.) off the end of the wharf. Jetafe Harbor, between Handayan Island and Corte Point, is well sheltered from all directions and has a depth of from 4 to 11 fathoms (7.3 to 20.1 m.), muddy bottom.

Middle Pass, about 121⁄2 miles westward of Northeast Pass, is about 300 yards wide, and 4 fathoms (7.3 m.) can easily be carried through it at low water. No easily identified range can be given, but at the outer entrance Mount Batuanan bears 159° (SSE. mag.) and is nearly midway between Calituban and Guindacpan Islands.

Unless familiar with the channel it should not be attempted when the reefs do not show well. The deeper water will be found on the western side of the channel, though spits make out a short distance from the western reef at both the inner and outer entrances to the channel.

Vessels approaching the Northwest Pass should bring Mount Corte to bear 119° (SE. by E. 12 E. mag.) when about 1 mile outside of a line drawn between Pandanon and Cabulan Islets and steer for it. This leading mark will carry a vessel through a channel 5% mile wide and 28 fathoms (51 m.) deep between the reefs fringing Pandanon and Cabulan Islets, both of which are low and covered with coconut trees. An excellent range to mark the limit of safety of both of these reefs and the extremity of Calituban Reef, southwest of Masingin Island, is to keep the center of Lassuan Island in range with the conspicuous, sharply conical peak which shows against the sky line on Cebu Island, bearing 288° (WNW. 1⁄2 W. mag.). Holding this range, a vessel passes about 275 yards from the edge of the Cabulan Islet reef and 500 yards from the reef around Pandanon Islet, while it clears the end of Calituban Reef by about 450 yards. This range is strong enough to make it perfectly safe, although it does not pass through mid-channel. When the north tangent to Handayan Island bears 72° (ENE. 14 E. mag.), the vessel may be hauled eastward for Jetafe or other ports on the north side of Bohol.

The above directions are all that can be given for crossing Danajon Bank; there are a great many other channels, but they are narrow and tortuous and in the absence of local knowledge should not be attempted. The above courses must be followed with great caution and particular attention paid to the lookout and lead.

WEST COAST OF BOHOL

From Corte Point the coast trends in a general southwesterly direction for about 30 miles to the town of Loon. This coast is low, generally fringed with mangroves and intersected by a number of small rivers, and faced by shoal water. The small towns of Inabanga, Tubigon, and Calape, and a number of villages lie on this coast.

Mount Corte, the northwestern extremity of Bohol, has already been described. Beginning at Mount Corte and extending southwestward with a curve southeastward are a series of hills ranging from 400 to 1,500 feet (122 to 457 m.) in height. Along the shore is a narrow coastal plain, and between this plain and the hills just mentioned the country is a mass of hills and ridges of varying heights, divided by valleys and gorges running in every direction.

Corte is a small village of 25 or 30 houses lying at the head of a small cove with a sandy beach, about 1 mile southwestward from Mount Corte. Some copra is shipped.

Pampang is a small village standing on an elevation about 40 feet (12.2 m.) high, 31⁄2 miles southwestward of Mount Corte. It contains a conspicuous stone church with a nipa roof. Pampang is faced by shoal water and is not easily approached even by a pulling boat except at high tide.