old stone tower or fort on the mainland about 1/2 mile southward of the island. The water is deep up to the edge of the reef at the southern point of the island and shoals gradually toward the mainland.

A shoal with a least depth of 5 feet (1.5 m.) lies 12 miles south of Pinget Island, and nearly 1 mile offshore at its outer edge. Between this shoal and the reefs making off from shore is a narrow channel about 300 yards wide with depths of from 5 to 6 fathoms (9.1 to 11 m.); this channel should not be attempted without local knowledge.

With the exception of these reefs and some rocks making out from a point under the old fort, the coast is low and sandy from Pinget Island to Point Dile.

Point Dile, the most salient point on this part of the coast, projects well westward, but it is low and not prominent. There are no reefs off the point, but the 10-fathom curve is about 3/4 mile offshore. Two miles north of Point Dile this curve is about 1 mile offshore. Discolored water, the discharge from the Abra River, may at times be seen off the point.

Vigan, an important town, is inland about 3 miles eastward of Point Dile. Pandan, the landing place, is about 3 miles southeastward of Point Dile, near one of the mouths of the Abra River. The channels leading into the river are constantly changing, both in position and depth, especially during the season of freshets and the southwest monsoon. At times 5 feet (1.5 m.) can be taken over the bar, but local knowledge is necessary.

Caoayan, a large village about 1 mile northeastward of Pandan, contains a large church with an iron roof, which formerly made a prominent landmark but has been reported hard to pick up.

The anchorage off Pandan is somewhat sheltered from northerly winds, but in strong northerly and northeasterly winds the ground swell works around the point, causing a heavy surf and making the landing of cargo difficult and at times impossible. At such times the anchorage is very uncomfortable, as with the northerly current vessels lie in the trough of the sea, and tide rips extend from the southern mouth of the river to beyond Point Dile, giving a dangerous appearance to the point.

A group occulting white light, visible 9 miles, is shown from a white concrete pillar on the beach near the town of Pandan.

There are three shoals in the approach to Pandan; the shoalest with a least depth of 334 fathoms (6.8 m.), lies about 24 miles southward from Point Dile and about 11⁄2 mile from shore. About 1/2 mile outside of this shoal is a 42-fathom (8.2 m.) patch, and southward and eastward from these two shoals and 1 mile from shore is a 42-fathom (8.2 m.) shoal. Caoayan church, or Pandan Light, bearing nothing eastward of 41° (NE. 3 N. mag.), clears the southeast side of these shoals, and Point Dile, bearing nothing westward of 355° (N. 11⁄2 W. mag.), clears the western side.

Directions.-Vessels from northward should round Point Dile at a distance of 11⁄2 miles and keep this distance offshore until Pandan Light bears 41° (NE. 3% N. mag.). The church at Caoayan should then be in range with a prominent shoulder on the west side of Bulagao Mountain. Anchorage in 6 fathoms (11 m.), sandy bottom,

will be found on this range, about 5% mile from shore, with Solvec Rock bearing 140° (SE. 12 S. mag.). The above range leads about 11⁄2 mile southeastward of the southern 42-fathom (8.2 m.) patch. Vessels from southward should give the coast a berth of at least 1 mile until the church bears 41° (NE. % N. mag.), and then proceed as previously directed.

Vigan Gap is a marked cut or divide in the mountain range back of Vigan. It is about 8 miles eastward of Point Dile and is a conspicuous landmark for this vicinity.

Solvec Cove (chart 4208) is a small indentation in the coast about 10 miles southeastward from Dile Point. It is of little commercial importance, but affords protection in northerly weather to large vessels under the lee of Solvec Point, the north point at the entrance, in from 10 to 12 fathoms (18.3 to 21.9 m.) and to small craft farther in. The inner basin is formed by a reef, partially bare at low water, projecting about 1/4 mile northwestward from the shore. The depths average about 5 fathoms (9.1 m.), but the holding ground is poor, a thin layer of sand and mud over coral. A boat landing can be made on the sand beach at the head.

The location of the coves is well marked by Mount Narvacan, a solitary detached hill 858 feet (261 m.) high immediately southeastward of the cove, and by the long ridge extending southward from the prominent Tetas de Santa and terminating abruptly in Solvec Point.

Solvec Rock, square and about 30 feet (9.1 m.) high, lies about 200 yards off Solvec Point, to which it is connected by low rocks a few feet above high water. It is quite prominent from northward or southward; a rock awash lies about 50 feet westward of it.

The northern shore from Solvec Rock to the ruins of the old tower, about 2 mile eastward, should not be approached closer than 1/4 mile by large vessels, as there are detached coral bowlders lying off it. The outer edges of the coral reefs on both sides of the cove bare in places at low tide and can generally be made out; they are steep-to on the outside, but not so much so inside the cove, and are surrounded by detached lumps of coral.

To enter the anchorage, bring the largest house in the village, conspicuous on account of a galvanized-iron roof, to bear 62° (NE. by E. 12 E. mag.), when it should be directly under a rounded hill with two conspicuous trees on the summit about 8 miles inland. Steer in on this range and for the outer roadstead; anchor when Solvec Rock bears 315° (NW. mag.) and the old tower on the north shore 23° (NNE. mag) in from 9 to 10 fathoms (16.4 to 18.3 m.). The same range held will clear the reefs on either side of the entrance to the inner cove, where smaller vessels may choose anchorage according to draft and depth.

Anchorage with some shelter for small vessels is found about 4 miles southward of Solvec Point off the mouth of the Mainganay River, where there is a small opening or pocket in the coral reefs; many of the native vessels enter the river. Although the depth is sufficient in the anchorage, there is no swinging room for large vessels.

Nalbo Bay is a small cove about 5 miles southward of Solvec Cove. A coral reef projects about 1/2 mile westward from the point on the north side, affording protection in northerly weather, but there is no protection from southward. It is a much safer anchorage than Port San Esteban during the northeast monsoon. The eastern shore is a sand beach, immediately back of which is a solitary sharp hill about 250 feet (76 m.) high, the southernmost of a series of similar higher and lower elevations immediately back of the coast line.

To enter, bring the sharp hill to bear 79° (E. by N. mag.), when Santa Maria Church will be seen at the base of the northern slope. Stand in on this range until Solvec Rock is on with the point of land on the north side of Nalbo Bay, when anchorage may be had in from 5 to 6 fathoms (9.1 to 11 m.), hard, smooth sand bottom. Small coasters discharge and load close in to the sand beach under the hook of the reef in the northeast part of the cove.

Suso Shoal is the only outlying or detached shoal on this stretch of coast. It is about 3/4 mile north of San Esteban Point and about the same distance offshore. There is only slightly deeper water between it and the shore eastward. The shoalest water found was 312 fathoms (6.4 m.), and it probably breaks only in very heavy weather. Port San Esteban, about 6 miles southward of Solvec Cove, is a small cove, open to the north and northwest, and is a dangerous anchorage in the northeast monsoon on account of the large swell rolling in. Suso Shoal, in the approaches, affords no protection, but, if anything, increases the swell. In the southwest monsoon it affords shelter to small craft that run in between the reefs and anchor or moor off the sand beach in front of the town at the head of the port. A quarry showing as two bare spots on the hillside about 2 mile northward of the landing, a stone tower on the western point, and a large stone building back of the sand beach are prominent in approaching.

To enter, bring the quarry to bear 90° (E. mag.) and stand in on this course until the large stone building bears 169° (S. by E. mag.) and anchor in 8 to 9 fathoms (14.6 to 16.4 m.), sandy bottom; or anchorage may be made farther out, when the stone tower bears 180° (S. mag.) in 8 to 10 fathoms (14.6 to 18.3 m.).

Santiago Cove, 4 miles southward of Port San Esteban, affords fair shelter during the northeast monsoon but is exposed in westerly weather. At the head of the cove is a bright sand beach on which is a small village. Behind the beach is a small stream that empties at its southern end. The town of Santiago is about 1 mile inland, and only the church and monastery are visible. The reefs at the entrance and along the shores are narrow and plainly marked.

To enter bring the church buildings to bear 67° (ENE. mag.) and steer for them on that bearing. Large vessels should anchor when the north point at the entrance bears about 320° (NW. 11⁄2 N. mag.), in 62 fathoms (11.9 m.), sandy bottom. In entering and after passing the point of the reef on the south side, it is better to favor this side and round-to northward. Good water is found close up to the reefs. Small vessels can go within 1 mile of the beach at the head of the cove and find good anchorage but contracted swinging

room.

Candon Point, 8 miles southward of Port San Esteban, is low, heavily wooded with coconut trees, and fringed by a narrow reef.

It projects about 1 mile from the general trend of the coast but is not prominent. Anchorage may be had south of the point in 5 to 6 fathoms (9.1 to 11 m.) west-southwestward of the stone house on the beach. Large vessels should anchor with Candon Point bearing 0° (N. mag.) in not less than 9 fathoms (16.4 m.). The anchorage is somewhat protected from northerly winds, but in strong northerly and northeasterly winds the swell follows around the point, causing a heavy surf and making the landing of cargo difficult and at times impossible. The town of Candon lies about 112 miles inland, southeastward of Candon Point, and is not visible from the sea.

A fixed red light, visible 9 miles, is shown from a white frame structure on the beach about 1/2 mile southeastward of Candon Point. The coast from Candon Point trends southerly for 17 miles to the mouth of the Amburayan River, thence southwesterly for 72 miles to Darigayos Point, which is low, covered with trees, and surrounded by a reef; thence it trends southward again for 12 miles to the entrance to San Fernando Harbor.

A number of small towns are scattered along this stretch, among them being Santa Lucia, Santa Cruz, Tagudin, Bangar, Luna, Darigayos, Bacnotan, and San Juan. Santa Lucia, 6 miles southward of Candon Point, may be recognized by a large church with a prominent white dome. Tagudin, the port for the Mountain Province, lies near the mouth of the Amburayan River, about 9 miles southward of Santa Lucia. Luna, about 6 miles southwestward of Tagudin, has a church with three towers.

Tagudin Light, a fixed red light, visible 7 miles, is shown from a white concrete pillar about 1/4 mile north-northeastward of the northern entrance to the Amburayan River. This light steered for on a 135° (SE. % E. mag.) bearing leads to an anchorage in 8 fathoms (14.6 m.), sand and mud bottom.

Darigayos Inlet is a slight indentation in the coast at the mouth of the river of the same name, 1 mile southward of Darigayos Point. Reefs on each side of the entrance extend out 1/3 mile. The entrance is about 300 yards wide, and from it the old stone warehouse bears 91° (E. mag.), and the old stone fort on the south point bears 147° (SE. by S. mag.). Farther in, 200 yards from the shore, there is anchorage for launches in 10 feet (3 m.), sandy bottom. This anchorage is poorly protected and of no commercial importance. There is a narrow shore reef for several miles north and south of the inlet.

Caution. During the northeast monsoon a strong current has sometimes been observed setting north-northeast along this coast. Vessels proceeding southward should be prepared for this current, or they may find themselves embayed in Lingayen Gulf.

LINGAYEN GULF

on the west coast of Luzon is open to the north-northwest. Eastward are lofty mountains, with Mount Santo Tomas rising to a height of 7,407 feet (2,258 m.). The west coast is of moderate height and fairly level, gradually rising southward in a compact mountain mass. There is a chain of shoals with 31⁄2 fathoms (6.4 m.) or more

extending nearly halfway across the entrance from Cape Bolinao, with a clear channel about 13 miles wide west of San Fernando Point. On the eastern side of the gulf the shore is free from dangers, except the shoals near Santo Tomas and San Fernando. There is a continuous sand beach, with the foothills rising a short distance back. The shore around the head of the gulf is low, sandy, and free from danger.

On the western side from Santiago Island southeast the coast is fringed by an almost continuous chain of islands and rocks as far south as Cabalitian Island, just northward of Sual. The islands are, as a rule, low and wooded, and have shallow channels between them, used only by coasters.

The prevailing wind for the greater part of the year is southeast. During the northeast monsoon land and sea breezes become regular and blow freshly, with clear atmosphere, but are interrupted by strong north and northeast gales. A bank of clouds seen in the north, with a clear sky and high barometer, is a certain sign of the commencement of a gale. In June the wind blows from southeast in the morning, with squalls off Mounts Santo Tomas and San Isidro; toward evening it dies away with heavy rain and thunder, and, clearing toward midnight, leaves a light wind from south which sets in from southeast at dawn.

From July to October there are usually gales from southwest to west, lasting from 3 to 15 days, accompanied by torrents of rain. The worst season in the gulf is from the middle of September until the end of October, when typhoons occur. The principal anchorages in the gulf are San Fernando, Santo Tomas, Dagupan, Sual, Cabalitian Bay, and Bolinao.

San Fernando Harbor (chart 4246), open to the north and northwest, is formed by a peninsula, San Fernando Point, projecting from the coast in a west and northwest direction. The harbor is about 112 miles in diameter, but the entrance between the reefs extending from both sides is about 3 mile in width. Being open to the north and northwest, there is little shelter from those directions. In heavy northerly weather vessels anchor off Poro Sur, in the southwest part of the harbor, and ride easier than off San Fernando; the anchorage is within 200 yards of the beach in from 5 to 8 fathoms (9.1 to 14.6 m.), muddy bottom and good holding ground.

San Fernando is on the eastern shore of the harbor, and is of considerable importance, being a regular port of call for the coast wise steamers. There are no wharves, all cargo being handled by lighters. There are the remains of an old pier used only as a boat landing. Just north of the town is the village of Carlatan, with a large warehouse and store. The village of Poro Sur, in the southwest part of the bay, has a small wharf and is connected with San Fernando by a good road.

San Fernando Point rises gradually northwestward to a height of 84 feet (25.6 m.). On its western side are white cliffs which are very prominent.

Fagg Reef, composed of rock and sand, nearly 1/2 mile in extent, with a least depth of 42 fathoms (8.2 m.), on which the sea breaks in heavy weather, lies about 2 miles northwestward from San Fer