THE INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION SERIES.-(Continued.) Vol. X.-HOW TO STUDY GEOGRAPHY. A Practical Exposition of Methods and Devices in Teaching Geography which apply the Principles and Vol. XI.-EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES: Its History from the Earliest Settlements. By RICHARD G. BOONE, A. M., Professor of Pedagogy in Indiana University. Price, $1.50. Vol. XII.-EUROPEAN SCHOOLS; or, What I Saw in the Schools of Germany, France, Austria, and Switzerland. By L. R. KLEMM, Ph. D., Principal of the Cincinnati Technical School, author of "Chips from a Teacher's Workshop," etc. Fully illustrated. Price, $2.00. Vol. XIII.-PRACTICAL HINTS FOR THE TEACHERS OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS. By GEORGE HOWLAND, Superintendent of the Chicago Public Schools. Price, $1.00. Vol. XIV. PESTALOZZI: His Life and Work. By ROGER DE GUIMPS. Authorized translation from the second French edition, by J. RUSSELL, B. A., Assistant Master in University College, London. With an Introduction by Rev. R. H. QUICK, M. A. Price, $1.50. Vol. XV. SCHOOL SUPERVISION. By J. L. PICKARD, LL. D. Price, $1.00. Vol. XVI.-HIGHER EDUCATION OF WOMEN IN EUROPE. By HELENE LANGE, Berlin. Translated and accompanied by comparative statistics by L. R. KLEMM. Price, $1.00. Vol. XVII.-ESSAYS ON EDUCATIONAL REFORMERS. By ROBERT HERBERT QUICK, M. A., Trinity College, Cambridge; formerly Assistant Master at Harrow, and Lecturer on the History of Education at Cambridge; late Vicar of Ledbergh. Only authorized edition of the work as rewritten in 1890. Price, $1.50. Vol. XVIII. A TEXT-BOOK IN PSYCHOLOGY. AN ATTEMPT TO FOUND THE SCIENCE OF PSYCHOLOGY ON EXPERIENCE, METAPHYSICS, AND MATHEMATICS. By JOHANN FRIEDRICH HERBART. Translated from the original German by MARGARET K. SMITH, Teacher in the State Normal School at Oswego, New York. Price, $1.00. Vol. XIX. PSYCHOLOGY APPLIED TO THE ART OF TEACHING. By Dr. JOSEPH BALDWIN. Price, $1.50. Vol. XX.-ROUSSEAU'S ÉMILE. By W. H. PAYNE. Price, $1.50. Vol. XXI.-THE MORAL INSTRUCTION OF CHILDREN. BY FELIX ADLER. Price, $1.50. Vol. XXII.-ENGLISH EDUCATION IN THE ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS. BY ISAAC SHARPLESS, LL. D. Price, $1.00. Vol. XXIII.-EDUCATION FROM A NATIONAL STANDPOINT. By ALFRED FOUILLÉE. Price, $1.50. Circular, describing the volumes more in detail, mailed to any address on request. New York: D. APPLETON & CO., Publishers, 1, 3, & 5 Bond Street. PSYCHOLOGY APPLIED TO THE ART OF TEACHING BY JOSEPH BALDWIN, A. M., LL. D. 66 PROFESSOR OF PEDAGOGY, UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS; AUTHOR OF ART OF SCHOOL NEW YORK D. APPLETON AND COMPANY 1892 EDITOR'S PREFACE. In the preface to Prof. Baldwin's Elementary Psychology and Education (Vol. VI of this Education Series) I have dwelt upon the broad distinction that exists between external observation and internal observation, or between sense-perception and introspection. External observation sees things and records their movements, changes, and inorganic properties. Introspection perceives what goes on in the mind— namely, feelings, thoughts, and volitions. There is a wide difference between these two classes of objects. Outside things are all related to environments, and more or less dependent on them The doctrine of relativity holds supremely among them; each is what it is only through the relation it bears to something else; on the contrary, the objects of introspection pertain to independent being, to that which controls and determines itself, to that which is not only an object but also at the same time a subject. Hence all objects of introspection are double-they are both objects and subjects-they are phenomenal acts or manifestations, belonging to a self-and both are presented in consciousness or introspection. I perceive my feelings, but not isolately or abstractly-I do not perceive feelings detached from a self or subject that feels, but in every case I perceive a self that is in the act or state of feeling. This is an essential distinction to be borne in mind. I perceive not isolated and detached feelings, ideas, or volitions, but the feelings as I-the self-feel them; the ideas as I think them; the volitions as I will them. The feelings, ideas, and volitions are phenomenal or dependent beings existing in and through a self which is their substance; but the self is known to be a noumenon, an independent being-a being that can originate activity in itself and others; it is a free being and a moral personality. We see by this that the act of introspection is worthy of the most careful study, because of the high character of its object. But the most important thing to notice here is that external perception has to be re-enforced by introspection in order to enable it to perceive organic beings and their phenomena. This is a point which has escaped the attention of many of the students of physiological psychology. They speak of objective methods of studying the mind, and take frequent opportunity to disparage introspection as an old and discarded method of studying the mind. This all comes from ignorance of the history of psychology, and especially from lack of familiarity with the works of the great thinkers in this field. If one has mastered Plato's Republic, Sophist, Parmenides, The Laws (especially the tenth book), Theœtetus, and Timæus, he will never speak disparagingly of the results of inner experience. If one has (not a mere grammatical or philological, but) a scholarly acquaintance with Aristotle's |