about 10 per cent were under wheat, 31 per cent under rice, and 37 per cent under other food-grains and pulses, 7 per cent under oilseeds, and 7 per cent under Owing to cotton, jute, and other fibers. the increasing world demand for raw cotton, great efforts are being made to cultivate a superior long-stapled cotton in India.

Poppy may be grown only in parts of Bengal and the United Provinces and in Except the Central Indian native States.

in these States the manufacture is a Government monopoly. In 1911-1912 26,860 chests of Bengal opium were sold for export. The monthly auction sales at Calcutta realized £4,990,982, and the expenses Most of production, etc., were £729,432. of the opium produced is exported to China and the Straits Settlements. cultivation of opium in India is being restricted as the exportation to China has been closed.

The

The output of coal in 1911 was 12,715,000 tons, nine-tenths of the total coming from Bengal. The production of crude petroleum in India (chiefly Burma) has increased from 19,000,000 gallons in 1898 to 226,000,000 in 1911. The output of manganese ore in recent years has been much Increased, and the quantity in 1911 was 536,000 tons. About 15,000 tons of saltpeter are produced annually and exported. The yield of gold (nearly all from Mysore) was about 583,000 ounces in 1911.

The ancient village handicrafts still survive, though they suffer more and more machine-made from the competition of

goods. Cotton-weaving is by far the most Power mills Important hand industry. have grown up under European auspices, but are now largely owned by natives. The 258 cotton mills at work in India in 1911-1912, mostly in Bombay and Ahmedabad, contained 6,427,000 spindles and 87,600 looms.

Railways.-Nearly all the railways in India are owned by the State and administered by a Railway Board, though many are leased to and worked by companies. The mileage open for traffic on December 31, 1912, was 33,484.

Shipping.-In 1912-1913 the number of vessels which entered from and cleared to foreign countries rose to 8,737, with a tonOf this tonnage, nage of 17,451,985 tons. approximately 51 per cent. was from or to the United Kingdom and British possessions; and 77 per cent. of the total trade of India was under the British flag. The chief ports are Calcutta and Bombay, which together do about 70 per cent. of the foreign trade.

Cities. - Capital, Delhi.

Population

(1911), 232,895. At the Census of 1911 there were 29 towns with populations exceeding 100,000, and 17 cities exceeding 350,000.

Madras was not only the oldest, but the most important, of the three original Presidencies of India before Clive's conquest of Bengal.

The

The

Agra and Oudh, called "Northwestern Provinces and Oudh" until 1902, form the upper part of the great Ganges plain to the west of Bengal, lying between the Himalayas and the hilly border of the cen tral plateau.

Punjab Province occupies the northwestern angle of the great northern plain of India, and derives its name from the "Five Rivers" which, descending from the Himalayas, traverse the plain and unite in the Indus.

Burma is the largest province of the InMany immigrants dian Empire.

come It is

from Bengal, Madras, and China. thinly peopled; but, owing to remarkable prosperity, the population has increased nearly 15 per cent, in ten years.

Native or Feudatory States, whose chiefs are in subordinate alliance with, or under the suzerainty of, the King-Emperor, comprise about two-fifths of the area, but only India. two-ninths of the population of Their administration, with a few unimportant exceptions, is not under the direct control of British officials, but it is subject, in varying degrees, to the Supreme Gov

ernment.

Indian Affairs, Office of. (See Interior,
Department of.)

Indian Affairs, Bureau of:
Discussed by President-
Arthur, 4641.

Cleveland, 5103, 5977.
Harrison, Benj., 5761.

Employment of physicians by, 6893. System of, recommendations regarding, 3333, 3388, 4641, 4942.

Indian Affairs, Commissioner of:
Appointment of, 6912.

Commission to perform duties of As-
sistant Commissioner and, recom-
mended, 6168.

Indian Appropriation Bill, necessity of passing, discussed, 4033, 6272. Indian Commission to perform duties of Assistant Commissioner and Commissioner of Indian Affairs, recommended, 6168. (See Indians.) Indian Commissioners, appointment of 6 recommended, 4942, 5105. Indian Commissioners, Board of: Appropriation for defraying expenses of, recommended, 4656.

Report of, referred to, 4076, 4314, 4666, 4743, 4972. Indian Commissioner. sions.)

(See Commis

Indian Corn, introduction of products

of, into Europe, discussed, 5764. Indian Lands. (See Lands, Indian.) Indian Massacre. (See illustration opposite 1263.)

Indian Reservations:

Allotment of lands in severalty to
Indians-

Discussed, 5381, 5480, 5552, 5637,
5761, 5976.

Recommended, 561, 4528, 4576, 4643,

4730, 4779, 4783, 4955, 5106. Remonstrations against, 4669. Survey necessary for, 4943.

Chehalis, allotment of lands in sev eralty to Indians on, referred to, 4779.

Cheyenne and Arapaho

Opened to settlement by proclamation, 5710.

Appropriation for, recommended, 5638.

Unauthorized occupancy of, procla mation against, 4892.

Chippewa, disposition of timber on, referred to, 5566.

Choctaw, right of way for railroads through, 4653, 4655.

Colville, agreement for cession of lands on, 5648.

Crimes committed on statute for punishment of, recommended, 4837. Crow, opened to settlement by proclamation, 5727.

Crow Creek. (See Sioux.)

Devils Lake, right of way for railroads through, bill for, 4952, 5177. Disposition of damaged timber on, referred to, 4663.

Establishment of, opposed, 5483.
Fort Berthold-

Agreements for cession of portion
of, 5018.

Allotment of lands in severalty to

Indians on, referred to, 4783. Portion of, opened to settlement by proclamation, 5579. Fort Hall, agreement for disposal of lands on, 4655, 5187.

Compensation not paid by railroad, 4953.

Gila Bend, removal of Indians on, bill for, 5499.

Grande Ronde, bill for relief of Indians cn, 4780.

Iowa, bill providing for sale of

4959.

Improvement of condition of Indians on, referred to, 4656. Jicarilla Apache, payment for improvements at, recommended, 4696. Lake Traverse

Agreement with Sioux for purchase of lands on, discussed, 5498. Opened to settlement by proclamation, 5707.

Right of way for railroad through, referred to, 4788, 4954, 5178. Lemhi, agreement for sale of lands on, 4779.

Malheur, referred to, 4669.

Menominee, sale of timber on, referred to, 4659.

Mescalero, payment to settlers for improvements on, recommended,

4982.

Old Winnebago, restoration of, to public domain, order regarding, declaring void, 4890. Discussed, 4943.

Indian Scouts employed in pursuing,
hostile Indians, 5501.
Indian Territory (see also Oklahoma.)
Acts of United States marshals, etc.,

in, referred to, 4122. Affray at court-house in Going Snake district, referred to, 4119. Boundary line with Texas, commission to mark, 4902, 4904. Proclamation against selling lands in dispute, 5325.

Constitution adopted by tribes in,

and government of, discussed, 4073. Departmental abuses in, 6938. Education in, recommendations regarding, 6346.

Extension of laws of Arkansas over, recommended, 4643.

Federal court for, recommended, 5969.

Government of, discussed and recommendations regarding, 5482, 6346. Homestead laws for, recommended, 4254.

Indian hostilities in, discussed, 4933, 4943.

Judicial district within, recommended, 4119.

Lands in

Acquired by treaty of 1866, referred to, 4474, 4853.

Issuance of patents for, referred to,
4779.

Negotiations regarding cession of
Indian, 5506.

Opened to settlement

Action of Creeks regarding, 4855.
Discussed, 4659, 5392, 5482.
Proclaimed, 5450.

Questions regarding, 4853.
Survey of, referred to, 4435.

Population of, 5482.

Proposed admission to Statehood, 7020.

Right of way for railroads through,

referred to, 4653, 4986.

Bill granting, referred to, 4655. Territorial government for, recommended, 4073, 4106, 4154, 4206, 4254.

Unauthorized occupancy or invasion

of, referred to, 4214, 4473, 4529, 4832, 4933.

Penalty for, recommended, 4742. Proclamations against, 4499, 4550, 4811, 4888.

Indian Treaties. (See Indians, treaties with.)

Indian Tribes:

Abnaki or Tarrateen-A confederacy of tribes of the Algonquian stock of Indians, who originally inhabited the northeastern part of the United States, including the present State of Maine and parts of adjoining states, and a portion of Canada. The Abnaki included the Penobscot, the Passamaquoddy, and the Amalicite tribes. They assisted the French in their wars with the English and were expatriated by the latter.

The name is interpreted as meaning "the whitening sky at daybreak," 1. e., Eastern people.

Absentee Shawnee, agreement be tween Cherokee Commission and, 5514.

Proclaimed, 5591.

Alabama, encouraged to reduce themselves to fixed habitation, 446. Algonquin-A tribe of the Algonquian stock of Indians. At the time of the advent of white settlers into America the Algonquian linguistic division occupied by far the largest area of any of the Indian nations. The name means "those on the other side of the river"-that is, the river St. Lawrence. They were spread over the territory from Labrador to the Rocky Mountains and from Hudson Bay to l'amlico Sound. Though this territory was not exclusively peopled by Algonquian Indians, some of their tribes had wandered to the west and south through hostile nations and established their family beyond the limits of the present stock. The Cheyennes and Arapahoes had strayed westward to the Black Hills and finally into Colorado, and the Shawnees had penetiated into South Carolina and Tennessee. There were hundreds of divisions of these In. dians into tribes and confederacies, the principal of which were the Algonquin tribes. The latter tribe, from which the stock takes its name, occupied the basin of the St. Lawrence and its northern tributaries in Canada. They allied themselves with the French in the carly wars.

Apache-A confederation of the Athapascan stock of North American Indians, consisting of a dozen or more tribes. In 1598 they inhabited northwestern New Mexico, and later spread over the valley of the Gila River. By 1800 their range extended from the Colorado River eastward to central Texas, and later they made incursions into Mexico as far south as Durango. They were the terror of the early Spanish settlers, and since the annexation of their territory to the United States they had given the Government much trouble under the leadership of such famous braves as Cochise, Mangus, Colorado, and Geronimo. White settlers op posed the plan of the Government to remove the Apaches to a reservation in New Mexico, and on April 30. 1871, over one hundred of the Indians were massacred at Fort Grant, Ariz. Apache

Agreement between Cherokee Commission and, 5768.

Appropriation for support of, etc., recommended, 4692.

Imprisonment of, by Government

discussed and recommendations regarding, 5374, 5485, 5501, 5968. Suppression of hostilities among, discussed, 4524, 4637, 4943, 5099, 5374.

Treaty with, 2727, 2762, 3394, 3573, 3796.

War with. (See Indian Wars.) Apalachicola, treaty with, 1256. Arapaho-A tribe of the Algonquian stock of Indians living on the headwaters of the Platte and Arkansas rivers, also ranging from the Yellowstone to the Rio Grande. The name is said to signify "tattooed people." They are at present divided between two reservations, one (the Arapaho) in Indian Territory, and the other (the Shoshone) in Wyoming.

Aztecas

or

Aztecs-A of branch the Nahuatl stock of Indians, supposed to be the original inhabitants of Mexico. They appeared in the valley of Mexico about the middle of the thirteenth century, and are said to have been journeying southward for 600 years. The conquest of Mexico by Cortez in 1519 put an end to the power of the confederacy between the Aztecas, Tezucans. and the Tecpanecans. From analogy of language it is probable that they crossed the Pacific Ocean by the way of the Aleutian Islands from Asia. There are, however, various theories as to their origin. They founded Tenochtitlan on the present site of the City of Mexico in 1325, and ruled an empire of 30,000,000 people. They were well advanced in the arts and sciences, as is evidenced by the remains of their temples, roads and waterways. Only about 2,000,000 pure-blooded Aztecas are left in the mountains of Mexico. In stature they are small and somewhat resemble the Egyptians.

Bannock

Agreement with, for disposal of lands for use of railroads, 4655, 4779.

Treaty with, 3898.

War with. (See Indian Wars.) Belantse-Etoa. (See Minnetaree.) Blackfeet-A savage and warlike tribe of the Siksika Confederation of the Algonquian stock of Indians. When not fighting among themselves they are generally at war with their neighbors. They formerly belonged to the Kena tribe, but separated from them and wandered up the Missouri River. The Sihasapa, an independent tribe, under the leadership of John Grass, was also known as the Blackfoot or Blackfeet Indians. Blackfeet, treaty with, 2895, 3898. Caddo

Memorial from, regarding claims to
lands in Oklahoma, 5671.
Treaty with, 1407.
Cahokia, treaty with, 616.
Calapona, treaty with, 2836.

Carib-A powerful and warlike tribe of Indians who occupied the northern part of South America and the Windward or Caribee Islands. Columbus encountered them at Guadelope and had a battle with them at Santa Cruz in 1493. After many disastrous wars with the Europeans and becoming mixed with fugitive negro slaves, they were transported to the vicinity of Honduras, where their descendants, the Black Caribs, now live.

Carmanchee, treaty with, 1407.

Cayuga A small tribe of the Iroquois Confederacy of Indians (also called the Six Nations). They originally inhabited the dis

trict in the vicinity of Cayuga Lake, N. Y. During the Revolution they joined the British in making war on the colonists. They annoyed Gen. Clinton on his march to join Sullivan in 1779 and their villages were destroyed. After the war they ceded most of their lands to the State of New York and the tribe became scattered and almost totally disappeared. There are remnants of them in Oklahoma, Wisconsin, and Ontario, Canada. Their number is now insignificant. Cayuse, treaty with, 2914. Chasta, treaty with, 2836. Chayenne. (See Cheyenne.) Cherokee-An important tribe of the Iroquian stock of Indians. The name means "upland field." When first known to Europeans they occupied the mountains of southern Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Tennessee. 1755 they ceded lands to Governor Glen and permitted the erection of forts within their territory. As the country about them filled up with whites they made repeated cessions of their territory until by the treaty of 1835 they sold all the remainder of their lands and removed west of the Mississippi River. The Cherokees rendered important service to Jackson's army in the War of 1812. They are now the most important and highly civilized tribe in Oklahoma.

Cherokee

In

Act directing payment. of certificates of, reasons for applying pocket veto to, 2182.

Agreement with, for cession of lands, 5671.

Bill for payment of money claimed by Eastern, 4971.

Bill securing to, proportion of proceeds of public lands, 4971. Boundary line with United States, 1037.

Canal through country of, referred to, 987.

(See

Citizenship solicited by, 442. Commission to negotiate with, regarding claims to lands. Cherokee Commission.) Commissioners' negotiations with, in the Indian Territory, 6271. Conflict between Federal and Cherokee courts, 2909.

Convention with, referred to, 556, 834.

Difficulties among, 2262, 2279, 2308, 4743, 4744.

Enforcement of payment of taxes on products of, referred to, 4005. Investigation of alleged frauds in affairs of, discussed, 2073. Lands

Containing iron ore relinquished
to United States, 431.
Granted to, 1716.

Relinquished to United States,
108, 375, 384, 436, 808, 887,
1274, 1716.

Legal services rendered, payment of, recommended, 4694. Neutral lands, treaty 3717.

regarding,

New government to be formed by, 965.

Payment of

Interest due, referred to, 2832.
Money to, 1716, 1823.

For lands ceded to United
States, requested by, 4670,
4739.

Referred to, 1039, 4743, 4781. Removal of, referred to, 1692, 1714, 4671.

Town of, destroyed, proclamation regarding, 129.

Treaty with, 71, 98, 103, 118, 167,

250, 271, 320, 378, 385, 389, 556, 566, 567, 589, 616, 811, 834, 968, 992, 1256, 1274, 1444, 1445 1449, 1475, 1823, 2307, 3592, 3717.

Appropriation for, referred to,
2434.

Claims arising under, 2073, 2410.
Communication and agreement

with Comanche, 5768. Modification of, referred to, 1694. Proclamation regarding, 72. Trespasses upon lands of, by citi zens of Georgia, 1039. Troubles apprehended from, prevented, 1473.

After

War with. (See Indian Wars.) Cheyenne-A tribe of the Algonquian stock of Indians. The word means "enemies." About 1800 they inhabited a region in and about the Black Hills and along the Platte River in Nebraska and the Cheyenne River in Dakota. In 1825 Gen. Atkinson made a treaty of peace with them. this the tribe separated, and while the northern band located on the Tongue River Reservation, in eastern Montana, and remained peaceable, numerous encounters occurred between the settlers and the soldiers and the southern section of the tribe. Failure to fulfill their treaty obligations led to war in 1861. While negotiations for peace were being conducted in 1864, Col. Cheventon attacked the Sandy Creek village and massacred 100 Cheyennes. A bloody campaign followed. In 1865 the Indians agreed to go on a reservation, but the Dog Soldiers, whose village was burned by Gen. Hancock in 1867, kept up the warfare until defeated by Gen. Custer at Washita.

Title to, referred to, 4778. Treaty with, 887, 912, 3234, 3573, 3796, 3835.

War with. (See Indian Wars.) Chickamauga, depredations committed by, 118.

Chickasaw-A tribe of the Muskhogean stock of Indians, originally inhabiting the southern portion of the United States, mostly in the present States of Mississippi and Tennessee. In the eighteenth century their villages were about Pontotoc County, Miss., and their principal landing place Memphis. The treaty of 1786 fixed their northern boundary at the Ohio River, and as early as 1800 a part of the tribe migrated to Arkansas. In the early colonial wars they took the part of the English against the French, and in 1739 entered into friendly relations with Gen. Oglethorpe. In 1765 they met the Choctaws and whites at Mobile and entered into friendly trade relations. During the Indian wars generally they continued peaceful, aiding the whites against the Creeks in 1793. By treaties of 1805, 1816, and 1818 they ceded all their lands east of the Mississippi. In 1832 and 1834 they ceded the remainder of their lands and went to live with the Choctaws, with whom they dwelt harmoniously until 1855, when they were separated. During the early days of the Civil War they sided with the South.

Chickasaw

Agreement with Choctaws referred
to, 2835.
Appropriation to pay claim of, for
lands ceded, recommendations re-
garding, 5637, 5664, 5761.
Boundary line with Choctaws, 2838.
Claims of, referred to, 2286, 2287.
Commissioners to treat with, for

cession of lands, discussed, 6271.
Deed for release by, of lands, dis-
cussed, 5637, 5664, 5761.
Funds of, to be invested, 1406,

2719, 2726, 2736, 2808, 2828, 2893. Lands ceded to, 108.

Lands ceded to United States by,
375.

Lands of, sold, 1810.
Removal of, 1715.

Stock of, to be transferred to Choc-
taws, referred to, 1837, 2271.
Subsistence to be granted, 1725.
Treaty with, 320, 378, 385, 566, 567,
614, 616, 1170, 1172, 1271, 1499,
2692, 2885, 3583.

Proclamation regarding, 72.

Chippewa-A tribe of the Algonquian stock of Indians, also known as the Ojibwa. They lived on the shores of Lakes Huron and Superior and extended westward to North Dakota. They allied themselves with the British during the Revolution, but made peace in 1785 and 1789. The confederacy formed by the Ojibwas, the Ottawas, and Pottawottomis was called the Three Fires. Having joined in the Miami uprising and been subjugated by Gen. Wayne, they again made peace in 1795. They renewed hostilities in 1812, but again came to terms in 1816, relinquishing all their lands in Ohio. Other treaties ceding lands were made, and by 1851 most of the tribe had moved beyond the Mississippi River.