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The time fixed for fowing or planting is calculated for the meredian of London. But to those perfons who live one or two hundred miles north of it, is will make a variation of ten or fourteen days.

In spring they must delay that time, and in autumn they must fow or plant fo much earlier.

If the number of crops by fome be thought too many, any may be omitted cultivating; but it was necessary to infert them all, to shew to what a degree of perfection the art of gardening in England is arrived; fo great indeed, that, from the production, when on the table, the difference of the seasons can frcarcely be discovered.

Method

Method of making Hay from the Leaves of Carrots, and improving the Size of the Roots. By the fame, from the fame.

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VERY quadruped which feeds upon carrots, improves, and foon gets fat; also geese, ducks, fowls, and turkeys, which I have proved from my own experience. The leave are known to partake of the fame nutritious quality as the root;, but the value of them is loft, by our not knowing a use to which they may be applied with great advantage, that is, making them into hay.

About the end of July, or the beginning of Auguft, when the leaves appear to be fully grown, and the lower ones begin to wither, mow them; but do not let the fcythe cut the crowns of the roots from which the leaves are produced; as this would prevent them shooting out again.

As foon as the leaves are mown, they must be carried off the ground, fpread about thinly after they are thrown from the cart, and made into hay, in the usual manner. But, at first, they must be frequently turned, to prevent them from moulding.

The ground now being cleared, you have an opportunity of feeing where the carrots grow too thick. Thin them to a proper distance of eight or ten inches asunder, as you would with them to be either small or very large, or according to the crop; and let the land be well hoed; and, if the weather be wet, carry away the weeds.

If the feafon be very dry, and you have the opportunity of water, or the draining of a dung-hill, you will

find advantage in giving them a watering before they are hoed.

Their receiving a check, from the leaves being cut off, will foon cause them to put forth fresh ones. The confequence must be, that their roots will increase in fize.But, to prove the utility of hoeing. leave a part not hoed, and a small part not mown, to convince you of the propriety of the method, and the advantage refulting from it.

This method I have seen practifed by Mr. Junius Baker, of Birstalhouse, near Leicester, (a gentleman well known for breeding horfes) and attended with great advantages. He informed me, that he forgot to make a calculation of how many tons an acre it produced, but it was a very good crop in proportion to his crops of grafs-hay.The field of carrots was between three and four actes.

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after it became cold, so often as ten or twelve times daily; always stirring up the falt deposited at the bottom of the bason, and incorporating it again with the water, before I applied it. On the 11th day from the first application, while shaving, I observed a small difcharge; which affifting by a gentle pressure, the whole contents were foon emptied, without the smallest pain, and without blood.

Being informed of fome others who had been benefited in like manner from the fame application, and knowing myself of forme late in stances under my own immediate direction, I feel it a duty thus to make it public; being convinced it can produce no bad effect, and every person having it in their power to make the trial. At the fame time, I beg leave to caution that no one should be disheartened from the length of time it may be necessary to continue the application; as, in some cases, it has required three or four months, though in the last only thirty days; but in all, without pain or inconvenience of any kind, or any previous notice of the discharge, till it actually took place.

William Chisholme.

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Proposals for a new and less expenfive Mode of employing and forming Convicts; fubmitted to the Lords of the Treasury, by Jeremy Bentham, Esq.

CHE author having turned his

being inspected during every ment of their lives; and having made out, as he flatters himself, to demonftration, that the only eligible mode of managing an establishmert of fuch a nature, in a building a fuch a construction, would be by contract, has been induced to make public the following propolals fre maintaining and employing convie in general, or fuch of them a would otherwise be confined on board the hulks, for 25 per cent. le's than it costs government to main tain them at present, deducting alo the average value of the work at present performed by them for the public, upon the terms of his receiving the produce of their labour, taking on himself the whole experte of the building, fitting up, and stocking, without any advance to be made by government for that purpose, requiring only that the abatement and deduction abovementioned shall be fufpended the first year. Upon the abovementioned terms he would engage as follows:

1ft. To furnish the prisoners with a conftant fupply of wholefoo food, not limited in quantity, but adequate to each man's defire.

2d. To keep them clad in a flate of tightness and neatness, fuperat to what is ufual even in the mo improved prifons.

$d. To keep them fupplied wi feparate beds and bedding compe tent to their fituations, and in a state of cleanliness scarcely where conjoined with liberty. 4th. To infure them a fufficer of artificial warmth and lig system, from its first origin, and whenever the season renders it re having lately contrived a building, ceffary, and thereby fave the ne in which any number of persons ceffity of taking them premature' may be kept within the reach of from their work at fuch fealons (

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in other places), as well as preferving them from suffering by the inclemency of the weather.

5th. To keep constantly from them, in conformity to the practice so happily received, every kind of strong and spirituous liquors, unless when ordered in the way of medicine.

6th. To maintain them in a state of inviolable, though mitigated feclufion, in afsorted companies, with out any of those opportunities of promifcuous afssociation, which in other places disturb, if not destroy, whatever good effect can have been expected from occafional folitude.

7th. To give them interest in their work, by allowing them a share ip the produce.

8th. To convert the prison into a school, and, by extended application of the principle of the Sunday schools, to return its inhabitants into the world instructed, at least as well as in ordinary schools, in the most useful branches of vulgar learning, as well as in some trade or occupation, whereby they may after wards earn their livelihood.

9th. To pay a penal fum for every escape, with or without any default of his, irresistible violence from without excepted, and this without employing irons on any occafion, or in any shape.

10th. To provide them with spiritual and medical assistants, constantly living in the midst of them, and incessantly keeping them in view. 11th. To pay a fum of money for every one who dies under his care, taking thereby upon himself the infurance of their lives for an ordinary premium; and that at a rate, grounded on the average of the number of deaths, not among imprifoned felons, but among persons

of the fame ages in a state of liberty
within the bills of mortality.

12th. To lay for them the foun-
dation-stone of a provifion for old
age, upon the plan of the annuity
focieties.

13th. To infure them a livelihood at the expiration of their term, by setting up a fubfidiary establishment, into which all fuch as thought proper should be admitted, and in which they would be continued in the exercise of the trade in which they were employed during their confinement, without any farther expense to government.

14th. To make himself personally responsible for the reformatory efficacy of his management, and even make amends, in most instances, for any accident of its failure, by paying a fum of money for every prifoner convicted of a felony after his discharge, at a rate increasing according to the number of years he had been under the proposer's care. 15th. To prefent to the court of king's bench, on a certain day of every term, and afterwards print and publish, at his own expenfe, a report, exhibiting in detail the ftate, not only moral and medical, but economical, of the establishment, shewing the whole profits, if any, and in what manner they arife, and then and there, as well as on any other day, upon fummons from the court, to make answer to all fuch questions as shall be put to him in relation thereto, not only on the part of the court, or officer of the crown, but, by leave of the court, on the part of any perfon whatsoever. Questions, the answer to which might tend to subject him to con viction, though it were for a capitał crime, not excepted, treading under foot a

maxim, invented by the guilty,

guilty, for the benefit of the guilty, and from which none but the guilty ever derived any advantage.

16th. By neatness and cleanliness, by diversity of employment, by variety of contrivance, and, above all,

by that peculiarity of construction, which, without any unpleasant or hazardous vicinity, enables the whole establishment to be inspected at a view from a commodious and insulated room in the centre, the prifoners remaining unconscious of their being thus observed, it should be his study to render it a spectacle such as persons of all classes would, in the way of amusement, be curious to partake of, and that not only on Sundays, at the time of divine fervice, but on the ordinary days, at meal times, or times of work; providing thereby a system of fuperintendence, univerfally unchargeable, and uninterrupted, the most effectual and indestructible of all fecurities against abuse.

The station of gaoler is not, in common account, a very elevated one; the addition of contractor has not much tendency to raise it. The proposer little dreamt, when he first launched into the fubject, that he was to become a fuitor, and perhaps in vain, for fuch an office: but inventions unpractised might be in want of the inventor; and a fituation thus clipped of emoluments, while it was loaded with obligations, might be in want of candidates. Penetrated, therefore, with the importance of the end, he would not fuffer himself to fee any thing unpleasant or discreditable in the

means.

Account of the Improvements on His Majesty's Farm, in the Great Park,

at Windfor, by Nathaniel Kent, in a Letter to the Secretary of tiz Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce.

Sir.

UPON mentioning to you, fome fince, that there had been some practices in husbandry, on his majesty's farms, under my laperintendance, in Windfor Great Park, which I conceived were not generally known; and upon your giving me reason to think the fociety for the Encouragement of Arts, &c. from its laudable defire to commanicate to the public every thing that promises advantage to it, would not be unwilling to allow me a few pages in its next publication; and being indulged with his majefty's gracious permiffion to state any matter that I may difcretionally judge proper to communicate; I am induced to lay before you a few particulars, which some gentlemen and farmers, under fimilar circumstances, may perhaps think deferving notice.

But before I enter upon any particular description of what I have to offer, it will not, perhaps, be uninteresting to the society to know the grounds upon which his majesty's large system of agriculture has been founded.

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